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RJ-45
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RJ-45
The RJ45 is a physical interface commonly used to connect networks of structured cabling (categories 4, 5, 5e and 6). RJ is a acronym English of Registered Jack which in turn is part of the Code of Federal Regulations U.S. . It has eight "pins" or electrical connections, which normally are used as ends of cables twisted pair .
is commonly used standards such as TIA/EIA-568-B , which defines the layout of the pins or wiring pinout .
A common application is its use in network cables Ethernet, which are commonly used 8-pin (4 pairs). Other applications include terminations phones (4-pin or 2 pairs), for example in France and Germany, other services network as ISDN and T1 even RS232.

connection [edit ]
For all work on any network cables, it follows a standard when making connections. The two ends of the cable have RJ45 connector with the colors in the order shown in the figure. Pin 1 is the left when looking at the plug from the front, with the safety tab facing up:


RJ-45 Network Cable Straight For use with a hub or switch.

RJ45 connections in an Ethernet switch
The most widely used scheme in practice is the 568B. There is another different distribution, which would be the 568-A. There is no difference in connectivity between 568B and distribution distribution 568.
Although all the threads usually attached to the Ethernet communications are needed only pins '1 and 2 'and '3 and 6', the other being used for telephony ( connector RJ-11 fits into RJ-45, matching pins 4 and 5 with those used for voice transmission on the RJ-11) or

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RJ11
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The RJ-11 is a physical interface used to connect networks phone. It refers specifically to the connector which is small measures the telephone cable crimping and has six contacts (pins ) for four-wire telephone cable is typically used although only two (two plants).

In Spain used in any phone connection, except in cases where the English royal decree that is used specifica RJ-45 for connecting users to the TR1 [1] . In Germany, by contrast, use RJ-45 connectors as telephones. In France, used the fr: T prize until 2003. Since 2003, the new standard connector is the RJ-45 .

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Samuel Morse telegraph inventor" Alexander Graham Bell

Samuel Finley Breese Morse ( April 27 of 1791 , Charlestown, Massachusetts - died April 2 of 1872 , New York ) inventor of the telegraph . He began his studies at Phillips Academy of Adove , from where he to Yale College .
In his student years he discovered in him a certain vocation for painting and decided to pursue it, but also attracted by the recent discoveries and experiments for electricity. For a while, worked in Boston for a publisher and then traveled to England to study painting in the city of London , and became a successful portrait painter and sculptor, his most famous painting is the portrait of La Fayette painted in 1825, became a painter of scenes históricas.Cuando returned home he noticed that the paintings of historical scenes did not like his countrymen, so it took a turn towards the specialization of the portrait. For 1825 in New York , was one of the country's leading portrait painters and was one of the most distinguished intellectual groups. In 1826 he was a founder and first president of the National Academy of Design.

Everyday Life [ edit ]
At 27 she met Lucretia Walker, a beautiful and educated girl he fell in love. The couple married seven years later she died, leaving devastated the artist, who also had to seek a livelihood to support their three children. Despite being a genius, failed to make money as a painter and during those years malvivía with their meager income. At times, came to spend days without eating, I expected to pay for a picture or painting lesson.
His latent interest in the affairs of electricity is finalized during the return from a trip to Europe. While attending Yale learned that if you interrupt a circuit saw a flash and he thought that such disruptions could reach to be used as a means of communication. This possibility obsessed him.
Upon reaching the ground from that trip in 1832 had already designed a fledgling telegraph and began to develop the idea of \u200b\u200ba telegraph wire system with a built electromagnet. On January 6, 1833, Morse made his first public demonstration of their telegraph. At the age of forty-one, went into the task of building a practical telegraph and arouse public interest and government in the device and then restart. In 1835 appeared the first model developed Morse telegraph . Two years later he left painting to devote himself completely to his experiments, same as strongly overshadow his merits as a painter.

recent years [ edit ]

Portrait Samuel FB Morse by Mathew Brady , between 1855-1865
In 1838 had already perfected his code signals, based on dots and dashes came to be known and used worldwide as " Morse Code ." Tried to implement the first telephone lines in U.S. and then Europe but both attempts failed. Finally, Morse got to the U.S. Congress be presented a bill to provide $ 30,000 designated to build a telegraph line 60 km in length. Several months later the project was approved, and the line would stretch along 37 miles between Baltimore and Boston .
May 24 1844 , Morse transmitted the message that would become so famous: "What God has wrought" What hath God wrought "(a quote biblical , Numbers 23:23) from Supreme Court U.S. . States. In Washington, DC his assistant, Alfred Vail in Baltimore, Maryland . Despite this remarkable work, Morse had to face opposition from superstitious blamed his invention of all evil. Furthermore, the invention was being developed simultaneously in other countries and by other scientists, so Morse was involved in lengthy litigation to obtain the rights to your system, same that were recognized in 1854 by the U.S. Supreme Court together.
With his invention, Morse earned a fortune with which he bought a large estate, and in his later years he devoted himself to making philanthropy, bringing considerable sums schools like Vassar College and Yale University along with other missionary and charitable associations.

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Inventor of the telephone "Telephone

Alexander Graham Bell ( Edinburgh, Scotland , March 3 of 1847 - Beinn Bhreagh, Canada , August 2 1922 of ) Scientist, inventor and speech therapist Scottish and American . Contributed to the development of telecommunications and aviation technology.
Table of Contents [hide ]

Biography [ edit]
Alexander was educated at the Royal High School of Edinburgh , from which he graduated at the age of thirteen. When he was still in Scotland, said that Bell was interested in acoustics; interest caused by the deafness of his mother.
When Bell was 23 years, the family moved to Brantford, Canada , where he continued an interest in acoustics. Alexander Graham Bell took the name of his admiration for Alexander Graham, a friend of the Bell family.
In Boston, Bell continued his work in the area. Aided by the help of his assistant Thomas Watson and sponsored by the parents of George Sanders and Mabel Hubbard (with whom he married on July 11, 1877), invented a phone, a device to transmit sound over long distances by converting sound into electrical impulses. The March 7, 1876, was granted a U.S. patent by phone. Awards

[edit ]
In 1880, Bell received the Volta Prize of the French Academy of Sciences. He invested the money earned this award (50 thousand francs) in the development of a new project, photophone , in collaboration with Charles Sumner Tainter. The invention was trying to transmit the sound using a beam of light, a precursor of optical fiber . He also worked at one of the first sound recording systems known, based on printing a magnetic field to play sounds. The idea was abandoned as not being able to build a prototype, but the basic principles find practical applications for almost a century later, tapes and computers.
In 1882 , Bell obtained U.S. citizenship through naturalization . It was founded in 1888, the National Geographic Society , which was its second president.
Bell received several awards, including the Legion of Honor of French government, the aforementioned Volta Prize, the Albert Medal of the Royal Society of Arts, the Edison Medal, and a Ph.D. from the University of Würzburg. Received 18 patents singles, and twelve more to their employees, including 14 by telephone and telegraph , four by the photophone , one for the phonograph, nine aircraft (including four hydroplanes ) and two selenium cells. Bell is also credited with inventing the metal detector in 1881 .

Controversy over the phone [ edit]
For a long time, Bell has been considered the inventor of the telephone . However, Bell apparently was not the first to create this device, but only the first patent. Thus, the June 11 2002 of the United States Congress adopted Resolution 269 which recognized that the inventor of the telephone was Antonio Meucci and not Alexander Graham Bell.
According to this view, argues that Meucci Graham Bell and the device created quite separately (also thought that there was an indirect cross-referencing between the two researchers). On the other hand, a version supported by the Italian community in U.S. and represented by the Garibaldi-Meucci Museum [and also echoed by the Italian Government exhibits a Meucci as the inventor of the device only saying, in addition to compare dates between research into both creative, Bell got the patent that the device was a product of opportunism of the Scottish and the company they worked: Economic problems that Meucci had throughout her life to pay it prevented the renewal of temporary patent required the U.S. government for inventions such as getting enough money to apply for the final patent, so that in 1873, the Italian had to find a sponsor (later known as the Western Union ), leaving the outlines of the device. The company, meanwhile, sent the sketches to his laboratory for the development of these entrusting the task to Bell who, in 1875 , announced the creation of the telephone, which would bring economic benefits to Western Union without having to allocate Meucci dividends. Finally, they argue that Congress Resolution 693 is a renewal of this release.

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cables and other connectors.

The optical fiber is a driver of waves in a filament, usually glass , but can be plastics . Optical fiber is capable of directing the light along its length using total internal reflection . Normally the light is emitted by a laser or LED .
The fibers are widely used in telecommunications , and that send large amounts of data at high speed, higher than in radio communications and cable. They are also used to local networks .

Satellite

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Satellite Antennas


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Satellite dishes the "Very Large Array radio telescope, New Mexico, USA
The dish is a type of antenna characterized by keeping a parabolic reflector .

Miniantena receiving satellite TV dish
Satellite dishes can be used as transmitting antennas or receiving antennas. In transmitting satellite dishes parabolic reflector reflects electromagnetic wave generated by a heating device that is placed at the focus of the parabolic reflector, and wave fronts generated out of the unit in a more coherent other antennas, while receiving antenna parabolic reflector focuses the incident wave at the focus where there is also a detector. Normally these antennas in microwave networks operating in full duplex manner, ie, transmitted and received simultaneously
Satellite dishes are often used at high frequencies and have high gain.
Table of Contents [hide ]
1 Types of Satellite Dish Antennas 1.1
primary focus
2 Systems that use satellite dishes
3 Types of installation of satellite dishes to receive satellite TV
Joint 3.1 devices used to receive free digital TV channels
3.2 Satellite TV
4 External links
/ /

Satellite Dish Types [edit ]
There are several types of satellite dishes, the most common are:
The prime focus parabolic antenna, which is characterized by the parabolic reflector centered on the focus.
offset parabolic antenna, which is characterized by the parabolic reflector offset from the focus. Are more efficient than the parabolic primary focus.
Cassegrain dish antenna, which is characterized by carrying a second reflector near its focus, which reflects the wave radiated from the heating device to the transmitting antenna reflector, or reflect the received wave from the reflector to the detector device in receiving antennas.

prime focus antennas [edit ]
These antennas are also called paraboidales antennas. The antenna surface is a parabola of revolution with the feed at the focus. These antennas have a maximum yield of 60% (approximately).

Systems using satellite dishes [ edit] The systems
use dishes that include the following:
communications satellites.
Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), military and weather radar
television receivers via satellite . Radio links
. Amateur radio stations
.
Space Probes. Tracking Stations
spacecraft. Millimeter
. Sodar

Types
installation of satellite dishes to receive satellite TV [ edit]
Individual: Direct To Home (DTH ).
Collective: Satellite Master Antenna Television (SMATV ).
Joint
devices used to receive free digital TV channels [edit ]
To Spain usually consists of a disc of 80 cm offset , universal LNB, F connectors for T100 cable (2 units) and receiver free digital channels (FTA).
Satellite TV
[edit ]
satellite transmits open (free) for Spain
SES_Astra . Through the Astra 1G satellite can access Internet via satellite .

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See also: footprint, support , converter (LNB ) F connector, satellite finder , azimuth, elevation , latitude, longitude , magnetic deviation, compass , mixer, receiver, scart , HPA , DVB, HDTV .

External links [edit ]
satellite TV in Spain
Direccionario
Satellite DirecTV - Dish Network - Internet Direcway
Patriot Antenna Systems
Internet Via Satellite Jaba Networks
Prodelin website, a subsidiary of Global TriPoint
The right to use a satellite dish Kit
digital satellite
antenna Angle Calculator
Step Guide: Installing and guide a satellite dish

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antenna parameters [ edit]
electrically antennas are characterized by a number of parameters, being the most common described below:

radiation pattern (radiation pattern) [ edit]
is a graphical representation of the radiation characteristics of an antenna. It is customary to represent the magnitude of electric field and the radiated power density, but you can also find diagrams of polarization or phase.


radiation pattern
bandwidth [ edit]
is the frequency range in which the antenna parameters meet certain characteristics. You can define a bandwidth of impedance, polarization, gain or other parameters. Directivity

[edit ]
is the ratio of radiated power density in the direction of maximum radiation at a distance r and the total radiated power divided by the area of \u200b\u200bthe sphere of radius r. Directivity can be calculated from the radiation pattern. The antenna gain is equal to the directivity multiplied by the efficiency.

Gain [edit ]
The ratio of radiated power density in the direction of maximum at a distance r and the total power delivered to the antenna divided by the area of \u200b\u200ba sphere of radius r. The efficiency of an antenna is the relationship between gain and directivity. This relationship coincides with the relation between the total radiated power and power delivered to the antenna.

input impedance [ edit]
is the impedance of the antenna at its terminals. Is the relationship between voltage and current input. . The impedance is complex. The real part of impedance is called resistance antenna and the imaginary part is reactance. The antenna resistance is the sum of radiation resistance and loss resistance. The antennas are called resonant when you cancel your input reactor.

beamwidth [edit ]
radiation is a parameter, linked to the radiation pattern. You can set the beam width at -3 dB, which is the angular range in which the radiated power density is equal to half the maximum. You can also define the beam width between zero, which is the main beam angular range of the radiation between the two zeros adjacent to the fullest. Polarization

[edit ]
antennas create radiated electromagnetic fields. Polarization is defined electromagnetic in a certain direction, as the geometric figure traced by the end of the vector electric field at a certain distance from the antenna by varying the time. Polarization can be linear, circular and elliptical. Linear polarization can take different orientations (horizontal, vertical, +45 °, -45 °). Circular or elliptical polarization may be clockwise or counterclockwise (right-handed or left-handed), depending on the direction of rotation of the field (observed away from the antenna).
diagram is called the co-polar radiation pattern with desired polarization diagram contrapolar (CrossPolo, in English) to the radiation pattern with opposite polarization.

Antenna Types [edit ]
There are two main types of antennas: wire antennas
. Are antennas whose radiating elements are conductive wire having a section negligible compared to the working wavelength. The dimensions are usually a maximum length onda.Se widely used in the bands of MF, HF, HF, VHF and UHF. You can find wire antenna arrays. Examples of wire antennas are vertical monopole
The
The dipole and its evolution, Yagi antenna
The loop The propeller

wire antennas are analyzed from the electric currents of the conductors. Aperture
. The antennas are those that use open areas or openings to direct the electromagnetic beam focused so that the issuance and receipt of your heating system in one direction, solid angles. The best known and is currently used in the dish, both terrestrial radio links such as satellites. The gain of these antennas will be connected to the surface of the parabola, the larger the more collimation of the beam and therefore we will have more gain less angular. The radiating element is the Illuminator, which can directly illuminate the parabola or indirectly through a subreflector, depending on the design of it. The illuminator is usually placed at the focus of the parabola.
In general, one can calculate the directivity of this certain type of antenna, with the following expression, where is the area and is the wavelength:
There are two types of aperture antennas by type of business:
wide
standard synthetic aperture (for software)

Parabolic
Examples of openings are
The horn antenna
The dish
parabolic antenna Doppler Radar reflective surfaces in general

And in linear polarization is vertical and horizontal.

reception antennae [edit ]

Different types of antennas and their radiation.
The electric field of an electromagnetic wave induces a voltage in each small segment of the conductor of an antenna. The current flowing in the antenna has to go through the impedance of the antenna. Using
reciprocity theorem can be proved that the Thevenin equivalent circuit of a receiving antenna is following:

circuit voltage is the Thevenin equivalent.
is the impedance of the Thevenin equivalent circuit and is equal to the impedance of the antenna.
series resistance is the impedance of the antenna.
is the gain of the antenna (the same as in issue) in the direction of where they come from electromagnetic waves.
is the wavelength.
is the electric field of the incident electromagnetic wave.
is the angle that measures the electric field alignment with the antenna. For example, in the case of an antenna formed by a dipole, the induced voltage is maximum when the dipole and the incident electric field are aligned. If they are not, and forming an angle induced voltage is multiplied by.
The equivalent circuit and formula on the right are valid for all types of antenna: it is a simple dipole, a satellite dish antenna or a Yagi-Uda antenna array.
Here are three definitions that are self-explanatory:
The corollary of these definitions is that the maximum power that an antenna can be extracted from an electromagnetic wave depends only on the antenna gain and the square.

Influence of the Earth [ edit]
ground conductivity is a factor in the influence of the earth on the propagation of electromagnetic waves. The conductivity of the earth's surface depends on the frequency of electromagnetic waves that affect her and the material by which it is composed, behaving as a good conductor at low frequencies and reducing its conductivity at higher frequencies.
The ground reflection coefficient is a parameter related to conductivity and reports about how waves are reflected in it. Its value depends on the angle of incidence and the material that makes up the soil, wet soil, dry land, lakes, seas, urban, etc.
For a given reflection coefficient, the reflected energy from the soil increases with increasing the angle of incidence with respect to normal, with most of the energy reflected when the incidence is flush, and having the electric and magnetic fields of the reflected wave almost the same amplitude as the incident wave.
In the case of the antennas in the case of emission or reception usually long distances, often there is a grazing incidence.

The beam reflected by the earth can be modeled, from the standpoint of the receiving antenna as the beam transmitted by a satellite image of the transmitting antenna located under the floor. The reflected beam travels farther than the direct ray.
The appearance of the aerial image is an image mirror the look of real transmitting antenna. In some cases we can consider that the wave transmitted from the real antenna and the wave transmitted from the satellite image have approximately the same extent, in other cases, such as when the ground has irregularities of a similar size or larger than the wavelength, reflection of the incident ray is not net.
The distance traveled by the beam reflected by the earth from the transmitting antenna to receiving antenna is greater than the distance traveled by the direct ray. That difference introduces a gap distance between the two waves (see Radiation of a pair of antennas ).
The right figure represents an angle incidence on the horizontal great when, in reality, the angle is usually very small. The distance between the antenna and its image is.
The reflection of electromagnetic waves depends on the polarization . When the polarization is horizontal, the reflection produces a phase shift of radians, whereas when the polarization is vertical, reflection produces no lag.

The vertical component of the current reflects without changing sign, however, the horizontal component changes sign.
In the case of an antenna that emits a vertical polarization (vertical electric field) the electric field calculation result is the same as in radiation from a pair of antennas . The result is:

Investing sign for the parallel field changes only in one breast cosine:

In these two formulas:
is the electric field of the electromagnetic wave radiated by the antenna had no land.
is the wave number .
is wavelength.
is the height of the antenna.

References [edit ]
Antennas. A. Cardama, L. Jofre, JM Rius, J. Romeu, S. Blanch, M. Ferrando. Edicions UPC http://www.edicionsupc.es
http://www.upv.es/antenas Antennas
Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design (John Wiley & Sons, 2005) by Constantine A. Balan
Introduction to antenna theory http://www.upv.es/antenas/Documentos_PDF/Notas_clase/Tema_1.P