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mineral tests find an environment suitable for life on Mars

A group of scientists announced Thursday that it had been discovered on Mars mineral evidence of water environment suitable for life. The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter NASA spotted carbonate deposits formed in neutral or alkaline water, scientists said on at a meeting of the American Geophysical Union in San Francisco.

is a white, bulbous and crisp

"Obviously this is very exciting," said John Mustard of Brown University in Rhode Island. "It is a white, bulbous and crispy," he added.

carbonate is formed when water and carbon dioxide mixed with calcium, iron or magnesium. Rapidly dissolves in acid, so that their discovery disproves the theory of all water on Mars was sometime acid.

"It would have been a very forgiving environment, benign early Martian life," said Bethany Ehlmann, a graduate student Brown University who led the study published in the journal Science .

is the first time scientists have found a place where carbonate was formed. Carbonates on Earth, such as limestone or lime, sometimes preserved organic material, but scientists have found no such evidence on Mars.

carbonate than 3,600 million years was discovered at the base of a crater of 1,490 kilometers wide.

Before carbonates had been found in trace amounts in soil samples provided by the Phoenix, the Martian dust and Martian meteorites on Earth.

But this is the first time that scientists find a place where carbonate was formed.

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PHOTOVOLTAIC SOLAR ENERGY

Director: Ivan Arturo Ramírez S. TEMI-2

CDTI-SENA (VALLEY) 2008

What is energy?

Energy is a property of a body or material system under which it can transform, changing their status or position, and act on them causing other processes of transformation. The energy can have different origins and, depending on them is called one way or another:

1.Energía

kinetic Associate the motion of bodies

2.Energy

potential: Associated with the position within a force field. 3.Energía

light: Associated with solar radiation.

nuclear 4.Energía: Associated with the process of fusion (joining of nuclei) or fission (broken kernels) that occur within atoms.

• Energy has three basic properties:

1. The total energy of an isolated system conserva.Por both the Universe can not be created or loss of energy.

2. Energy can be transmitted (transferred) of bodies, systems or materials to others. 3. The energy can be transformed from one form to another.

SOLAR ENERGY

• The Sun is a giant nuclear reactor. It is indeed a huge gaseous sphere (with a mass 330,000 times that of Earth), consists mainly of helium, hydrogen and carbon, within which there are continuing nuclear fusion reactions in the process releasing a great amount energy.

The energy emitted by the Sun reaches Earth not evenly.

Varies by time of day, depending on the seasonal inclination of the globe relative to the sun, according to different areas of the land area, etc., due to movements of the Earth.
It has been estimated that the energy per unit time that an area receives from the Sun located at sea level is about 1,353 watts per square meter.

• Thus, the absorption of solar energy by plants, the photosynthetic process, resulting in biomass. Wind power, tidal power, etc., Also have their origin in the effects of solar radiation on Earth.

• An energy from a free source (solar radiation) and inexhaustible human scale (is estimated that the Sun is about 6,000 million years of existence and that it will continue for as many millions of years).

UNIT

• For the electricity is used as a production unit kilowatt-hour (kWh), defined as work performed for an hour by a machine that has a power of 1 kW . 1 kW • h = 36 ° 105 J

PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER

• Photovoltaic solar energy comes from the interaction of photons from solar radiation with semiconductor elements that make up the solar panels. • The tension generated by the solar panels is continuous (such as batteries).

PHOTOVOLTAIC PANEL

• It is responsible for converting the sun's energy into electrical energy, their output voltages typically range between 12-24-48 volts. This is usually the highest cost elements of the installation. His life approx. ranges from 20-25 years. It requires minimal maintenance.

SOLAR CELLS

solar cells based on the photovoltaic effect in which light incident on a two-layer semiconductor device produces a difference of photo voltage or potential between the layers. This voltage is capable of driving a current through an external circuit so as to produce useful work.

• Photovoltaic cells are mainly composed of semiconductor materials silicon and germanium. • The most commonly used material is silicon, and within this there are three types of panels, "Monocrystalline: 12% efficiency.

-Polycrystalline

: efficiency somewhat lower (8-10%).

-Amorphous: efficiency between 5-7%.

The photovoltaic panels are divided into:

• Monocrystalline: made up of sections a single crystal silicon (recognizable by their round or hexagonal). Its efficiency in converting sunlight into electricity is more than 12%.

• Polycrystalline : when small particles are formed by crystallized. Its efficiency in converting sunlight into electricity is slightly lower than in monocrystalline silicon.

• Amorphous silicon when it has not been crystallized. Its efficiency in converting sunlight to electricity varies between 5% and 7%.

• Their effectiveness is greater the larger the crystals, but also its weight, thickness and cost. The first performance can reach 20% while the latter can not reach 1%, however its cost and weight is much lower.
Manufacture of photovoltaic modules

• The photovoltaic module is composed of individual cells connected in series. This type of connection allows you to add tension.

• The voltage of each cell (about 0.5 volts). Usually consist of modules are produced 30, 32, 33 and 36 cells in series, according to the required application.

• the module is claimed to stiffness in its structure, electrical insulation and resistance to weather.

• The series connected cells are encased in a resilient plastic (Etilvinilacelato) who also does the role of an electrical insulator.

• A tempered glass with low iron content in the side facing the sun and a multilayer plastic sheet (polyester) in the back.

• The module has a mold made of aluminum or polyurethane and junction boxes which house the positive and negative terminals of the series of cells.

• For terminal boxes connect the cables connecting the module to the system.

manufacturing process steps

module

• Essay Electrical and classification of cells

• Electrical interconnection

cell

• Putting It All Together. Placement cell layers of plastic welded casing and glass and plastic sheets

• Lamination Module. The set is processed in a semi-automatic high vacuum, by a process of heating and mechanical pressure, forming the laminate.

• Curagem. The laminate is processed in a temperature controlled oven in which polymerization is complete plastic wrap and reaches perfect adhesion of the different components. The whole after curagem, is a single plate. • moldings. Placed first elastic sealant around the perimeter of the laminate and then the aluminum forming the molding. Pneumatic machines are used to achieve the proper pressure. Polyurethane moldings are placed by means of injection molding machines.

• Placement of terminals, terminals, diodes and junction boxes.

• final test.
test the modules on the modules should be measured and observed: • Electrical

operational

• Electrical insulation (to 3000 Volts DC)

• Physical, finish defects, etc.

• Impact resistance.

• Tensile strength of the connections.

• Resistance to salt spray and humidity.

• Behaviour at high temperatures for prolonged periods (100 degrees Celsius for 20 days).

• Stability to thermal shock (-40 º C to +90 º C) in successive cycles.
How do solar cells?

• Solar cells consist of two types of material, usually silicon n-type p-type silicon The light of certain wavelengths can ionize atoms in the silicon and the internal field produced by the union that separates some of the positive charges ("holes") of the negative charges

• The holes move toward the positive layer or p-type layer to the negative electrons or n-type layer Although these opposite charges attract each other, most of them can only be re combine passing through an external circuit outside the material because of the internal potential energy barrier. s (electrons) within the photovoltaic device.

• The current is relatively stable at high temperatures, but the voltage is reduced, leading to a loss of power due to increased the temperature of the cell.

• A typical single crystal silicon solar cell of 100 cm2 will produce about 1.5 watts of power at 0.5 volts DC and 3 amps under sunlight in summer.

Main applications:

• Electrification of rural properties: light, TV, radio, communications, water pumps

• Electrification of fences

• Lighting • Signage

• Cathodic protection

• Boats, caravans.

System Components:

12V DC Current:

• Panels module

photovoltaic panels • Mounts

• battery charge regulator and battery bank current
110/220V AC:

• In addition to the above, between the batteries and consumption will need to install an inverter with adequate power. The inverter converts direct current (DC) batteries into alternating current (AC). Most appliances use alternating current.

INVERTER DC / AC

Effect of environmental factors on the output characteristic of the device.
Effect of solar radiation
• The result of a change in the intensity of radiation is a variation in output current for any voltage value.
• The current radiation varies in direct proportion. The tension is almost constant. Effect of temperature

• The main effect caused by the increase in temperature of the module is a reduction of tension in direct proportion.
• That's why for more very high ambient temperatures are suitable modules having greater number of cells in series so that they have enough output voltage to charge batteries. Maximum output power during the day

• The module IV characteristic varies with environmental conditions (radiation, temperature). This means that there will be a family of IV curves which will show the output characteristics of the module during the day at a time of year.

• The maximum power curve of a module based on the time of day is as shown in this diagram load:
• is measured in watt hours per day.

INTERACTION WITH A RESISTIVE LOAD

• the operating point of the module will be the intersection of the curve with a line graph the expression I = V / R, where R is the load resistance connected. Interaction with a battery

• A battery has a voltage dependent charge status, age, temperature, rate of loading and unloading, etc. This tension is imposed on all elements that are attached to it, including the PV module.
• Is the battery that determines the operating point of the module. The battery voltage varies its amplitude between 12 and 14 volts.

• Since the output of the photovoltaic module is influenced by variations in radiation and temperature during the day, this will result in a variable current entering the battery.
Interaction with a DC motor
• A DC motor also has an IV curve. The intersection of it with the IV curve of the module determines the operating point.
• When a motor is attached directly to a PV system without battery or intermediaries controls, reduce the components involved and therefore increases reliability. But do not take advantage the energy generated in the early morning and evening.

Directly attached to a load.

• It is the simplest of all.

The photovoltaic generator is attached directly to the load, usually a DC motor. It is primarily used in water pumps. For lack of storage batteries and electronic components improves system reliability, but it is difficult to maintain an efficient performance throughout the day.
System-accumulator battery module
• You can use a photovoltaic module to replace just the self-discharge of a battery is used for starting an engine, for example. For that you can use modules of amorphous or microcrystalline silicon.

photovoltaic systems, battery and controller

is the configuration used with modules of 33 or 36 cells in which the photovoltaic generator is attached to a battery through a regulator so that it is not overload. Storage batteries fed DC loads.
Battery Charge Regulators

•

regulator constantly monitors battery voltage batteries. When referred voltage reaches a value for which it is considered that the battery is charged (about 14.1 volts for lead acid battery 12 volt nominal) regulator interrupts the charging process.
• This can be achieved by opening the circuit between the photovoltaic modules and battery (serial-type control) or by shorting the PV modules (control shunt). When the consumer makes the battery starts to download and therefore lower your blood, the controller reconnects the generator to the battery and restart the cycle.

Accumulators

• Function priority of batteries in a photovoltaic generation system is to accumulate the energy produced during the hours of light in order to be used at night or during periods of bad weather.
• Another important function of the batteries is to provide a current greater than that which the photovoltaic device can deliver. This is the case of an engine in the boot time may require a current of 4 to 6 times its rated current for a few seconds. Interaction
photovoltaic modules and batteries
• Normally the bank of storage batteries and photovoltaic modules work together to power the loads.

data necessary to size a system

• Rated voltage system. It refers to the typical operating voltage loads connected.

• Required power load for each load power demands is an essential fact.

• Hours of use of the load along with the power required by the load, shall specify the hours of use of that power. Multiplying power for hours of use, you will get the watt hours required by the load at the end of a day.

• Geographical location
system (latitude, longitude and height above sea level of the installation site) These data are needed to determine the proper angle for the PV module and the level of radiation (monthly average) of the place.

• Autonomy planned This is the number of days that is expected to decline or no generation, and that should be taken into account in the design of the storage batteries. • For domestic rural systems are taken from 3 to 5 days and remote communication systems 7 to 10 days autonomy.

calculation to determine the watt-hours per day (Wh / day)

1) Identify each dc load, its consumption in watts and the number of hours per day that should work.
2) Multiply (A) The time of using the equipment (B) consumption of it to get the watt hours per day of consumption of each unit (column [AxB]).
3) Add the watt-hours per day for each appliance to get the watt hours per day total current loads (Subtotal 1).
4) Proceed similarly with AC loads with an increase of 15% additional power to take into account the performance of the inverter (Subtotal 2). To choose the right investor, it should be clear what the voltage levels to be managed both in flasks and AC DC.
5) to obtain the total energy demand. Subtotal 1 + Subtotal 2.

installation and maintenance

Location and orientation of the modules
For proper installation is important to select the best possible location for photovoltaic modules. The location must meet two conditions:

• Be as close as possible to the batteries (to minimize the section of cable).
• Have optimal conditions for the receipt of solar radiation.
• The modules should be well away from anything that casts a shadow over them in the best period of radiation (usually from 9 to 17 hours) on the shortest day of the year.

• To increase the use of solar radiation, the modules should be tilted in relation to the horizontal plane at an angle that will vary with the latitude of the installation. BP Solar recommends the adoption of the following angles.

• Batteries must be installed in a compartment separate from the rest of the room and with adequate ventilation, because of lead-acid batteries release explosive gases.

• In rural facilities is advisable to have a switchboard with an entry for the battery bank and one or two outputs (with their respective safeguards) will be distributed consumption rooms. In that box may also be a indicator of battery charge.

Maintenance

photovoltaic module
One of the great advantages production of photovoltaic systems is that they need maintenance. That is why they are the ideal sites that need operational autonomy.

• The front of the modules consists of a tempered glass with 3 to 3.5 mm thick, which makes them resistant to hail.

• They are self-cleaning due to the inclination itself must have the form, so that dirt can drain.

• However, in places where possible, be convenient to clean the front of the modules with water mixed with detergent.

• You should periodically verify the angle of inclination corresponding to that specified.

• You must confirm there is no projection of shadows of nearby objects in any sector of the modules between 9 and 17 hours, at the least.

• You should periodically verify if the electrical connections are tight and not corroded.

Batteries • Watch the water level periodically in each of the compartments of all batteries. If the level is low, complete with demineralized water.

• Inspect the terminals in order to verify is properly adjusted and free of corrosion.

• See if there sulfation, as this could indicate gas in the battery and therefore a control system failure.

CALCULATION OF ENERGY DELIVERED in watt-hours (Wh) FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC CADAPANEL

• To determine the energy (E) that can deliver each photovoltaic panel Watt-hour, we must consider the following:

-latitude of the place (L).
-power panels (P) that we will use in watts (w).
-Finally, the following equation: E =
(5-L/15) * (1 + L/100) * P

- Hence, continuing with our example
obtain the following information:

Sevilla-Latitude 37.4 degrees.
-power panels using 50 watts peak (Wp).
E = (5-37,4 / 15) * (1 +37.4 / 100) * 50 E = 172.4 Wh

In the example of the weather in Seville, these are
favorable so we assume that increases by 20%, which would
as follows:

20% = 34.48 Wh Wh 172.4 172.4
Wh = Wh + 34.48 Wh 206.88> 206.9 Wh.

a result of this calculation, since we know the number of panels needed for our facility, taking into account the following expression:

Number of panels = Daily consumption / energy provided by panel
Number of panels = 1500 Wh / 206.9 Wh
Number of panels = 7.3 (8 panels of 50 Wp)

ESTIMATED COST OF THE INSTALLATION

• More or less we can estimate that the price of peak watt of installed power is about to be 12 euros, which is why from our facility we can calculate:

8 Panels * 50 Wp = 400 Wp * 12 euros / Wp = 4800 euros.

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Arabia Terra, Mars

Arabia Terra, a region of Mars named so by their visual similarity to the Saudi Arabian desert valley, satellite photographed by NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.

In the picture you can clearly see the different layers, and the constant erosion and sedimentation of Martian relief.

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Impressive image of the Tycho supernova

remains of the supernova explosion of the Tycho in an image obtained by NASA from of photos Spitzer space telescopes Chandra and and English observatory on Calar Alto.

The explosion took place about four centuries, was recorded by Tycho Brahe and other astronomers of that era.

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Glaciers of water a few feet below the surface of Mars

A group of U.S. scientists has discovered ice away from the poles of Mars and a few meters of rock cover the planet. The glacier water is in low latitudes of the planet "is a very important discovery because it not only confirms the existence of water on Mars, but covers the need for this item will future interplanetary missions, "said Ali Safaeinili, a scientist at Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) of NASA.

" It is also important because the water from these glaciers are located in low latitudes of the planet, away from the poles, and in some cases only a few feet deep, a probe indicó.Descubiertos The discovery was made with the radar probe Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) of the U.S. space agency a year ago.

is

Martian mountain range from "slow to make the announcement of the discovery because he wanted to be sure and perform all possible verifications," added. Glaciers cover an area of \u200b\u200btens of thousands of square miles and stretching from the mountains on Mars with a thickness in certain cases of about 800 meters, said the study published in the journal Science.

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After the mystery of the red cliffs of Mars

Impressive picture of the polar cap of Mars, taken by the Mars Express mission to Mars.

is a mystery how the north polar cap of Mars is nearly divided into two large divisions and Chasma Boreale calls. No similar formation on Earth.

The difference in elevation from a cliff top to the lowest point of the valley is more than a mile.

Pictured above, several dusty layers are in this deep abyss. The cliff faces, mostly to the left but still partly visible from above, appear dramatically red. The light areas are probably water ice.

The image covers about one kilometer near northern Mars, and the difference in elevation from right to left of it is over a mile. A deck hypothesis that the formation of Chasma Boreale has its origin in an underlying volcanic activity.

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Artemis successfully assists ATV Jules Verne

Artemis relay satellite data from ESA, successfully responded to the request for emergency services from the ATV Control Centre, after the unexpected outage of the NASA Space Center Houston, Texas.

Artemis operations are conducted from ESA's facility at Redu, Belgium, where is the mission control center and a satellite terminal with a Ka-band dish antenna 13.5 meters in diameter.

The most recent task performed by Artemis was communicating with Jules Verne, the first Automated Vehicle Transfer (ATC) in Europe, a task he shared with the System for Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (TRDSS) spacecraft. "On September 11 we received notification that it was necessary to provide emergency support to the ATV by Artemis," explained Benoit Demelenne, Head of Redu's TT & C and Spacecraft Operations Unit. "Hurricane Ike was approaching the Johnson Space Center in Houston, which had to be evacuated. The ATV Control Centre requested emergency support through Artemis at the prospect that communications with ATV via TDRSS could see interrupted. "

Kris Capelle, ATV Mission Director also explained that it was necessary to perform a maneuver to dodge space junk (DAM, Debris Avoidance Manoeuvre), which could get too close to ATV.

"To carry out these operations additional visibility needed to track the performance of the ATV. Because these two situations were presented just once, was needed additional support from Artemis, "said Capelle .

control team's mission and support equipment for ground segment of the ATV Control Centre in Toulouse and the Artemis Control Centre in Redu immediately began procedures. With only a few hours to prepare, could provide support to the ATV during the night, successfully.

Artemis has served more than five years of operations in orbit. It is in a geostationary orbit over Africa and has three main purposes:

• provide a satellite communication system using advanced radio link S-band and Ka-and laser technology.


• Playing a key role within the European system EGNOS satellite navigation, emitting signals from GPS and GLONASS improved for use by civilian transport service "safety critical" and services navigation.


• Provide a system of voice and data communications between mobile terminals in remote areas of Europe and North Africa and the Atlantic.

Artemis was used as a communications link with the ATV "Jules Verne" during the different phases of its mission, working in parallel with TDRSS. Was the host phase in which the ATV was docked to the ISS, and offered support in the reception of telemetry and remote control to and from the ATV vehicle during the encounter, rendezvous-docking, undocking and reentry on . ATV "Jules Verne" has completed a flawless mission six months, disengaging from the International Space Station (ISS) on Sept. 5 to complete the last leg of its journey into space, ending the destroyed in a controlled reentry into Earth's atmosphere on 29 September.

"Once again, Artemis has been shown to be prepared to respond to the needs of ESA programs, as is the case of continuous service of Envisat data transmission," says Andrea Cotellessa, Head of Project Office Artemis. "We have been entrusted to continue the operations of Artemis providing initial services to the commissioning of the European System Relay Data, and from there continue to provide support services until the end of the operating life of Artemis. "

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Hurricane winds on Venus speeds up to 370 kilometers per hour

infallible eye Venus Express, the European Space Agency (ESA, in English), which monitors the planet Venus the closest in size to the Earth is actually a detective who watches and gets into the atmosphere. Venus is the equivalent of Dante's hell: there is so much carbon dioxide in its atmosphere, the super-greenhouse effect does that lead to melt on its surface.

pressure one would have to stand still there is ninety times greater than Earth's. Now the probe has provided the data to a English researcher, Agustin Sanchez-Lavega, and his team for build a more complete picture and in three dimensions so thick that atmosphere, and especially the terrible winds that occur different heights.

probe devices from a distance of 66,000 kilometers, flows have been analyzed at an altitude of between 45 and 70 kilometers above the south pole of this world. And they have made a three-dimensional map on the circulation of these winds, measuring its speed. How? "We looked at the clouds and how they moved" , English researchers said Agustin Sanchez-Lavega of the University of the Basque Country. "By tracking over a long period of time, we have a better idea of \u200b\u200bthe winds that make the clouds move."

Watcher these winds is called VIRTIS spectrometer. And what he revealed is that the currents move in a extraordinarily rapid and violent. Venus is a stormy world. Especially at sunset. "At a latitude ranging from Ecuador to the 50 or 55 degrees south, the wind speed varies greatly , from 370 miles per hour at an altitude of 210 kilometers to 210 kilometers per hour at altitudes of about 45 to 47 kilometers, " indicated that expert English.

At latitudes higher than 65 degrees, the wind patterns are the characteristic vortex of hurricanes, in which clouds are pushed into a more regular rate , regardless of the height at which they are located. And in the south pole, is a vortex that has a width of 2,000 km, and, in the words of Giuseppe Picioni, one of the principal investigators of VIRTIS is "like you see when you remove the plug from the bathtub home " (assuming that the bath is full of water, of course).

Clouds have acted as informers of the Venusian atmosphere furious are not water vapor, but tiny droplets of sulfuric acid, along with other aerosols. form a very thick, between 45 and 70 miles from height, which is responsible for the high temperatures of Venus on the surface of about 460 degrees Celsius. Sanchez-Lavega published these findings in the journal Geophysical Research Letter Journal.

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"First directly imaged extrasolar planet?

This image may not be historic, if finally the authors show to be right: the big star called 1RXS J160929.1-210524. Of course, no name yet, but is a young star, much like our Sun is about 500 light years away, that is, just around the corner, astronomically speaking, a light year is 9.4 trillion miles, almost nothing.

However, around has an object that is not nothing but a planet , say three astrophysicists at the University of Toronto. A big world, eight times larger than Jupiter, which is separated from the star 330 times the distance that separates us from our sun (150 million miles ... multiplied by that number).

Thanks to a new telescope

"It's the first time we've been able to directly observe a planetary mass object in orbit around a star like our sun," said David Lafrenière, an author, who has sent this paper to the Astrophysical Journal magazine. The image is the result of observations carried out with the Gemini Observatory on Mauna Kea in Hawaii.

We are therefore in the beginning of something that can be accepted or rejected. But speculation is tempting. Until now, extrasolar planets had been detected were worlds as large or larger than this object, but with the characteristic brown dwarfs orbiting stars: fairly moribund and little bright, making it easier to detect planetary their subjects. In other cases, orphan planets had been discovered, Sunless accompany them. Diversity

worlds

But this world and its star as a surprise . "This finding is not only a reminder of the diversity of worlds out there that does not wait," said Ray Jayawardhana, one of the authors. "It also tells us that nature has more than one way to produce planetary companions around ordinary stars."

With one exception, these experts can be wrong. Although the data show that the planet is a cold body and a relatively small mass , and that is the same distance from us than what separates us from that star, will take about two years verify whether the world is a prisoner by the gravity of the sun in a stable orbit. "It would be premature now to say that the object is definitely orbiting the star, but the evidence is pretty strong," stated Lafrenière.

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NASA launched a telescope to study black holes

NASA has GLAST satellite into orbit from Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral (Florida) mounted on a Delta II rocket.

The ship includes a telescope that has a mission to study the mysterious gamma rays that pass through the universe.

Spain collaborating on the project

"GLAST is operating independently with its solar panels and a circular orbit 460 kilometers of the surface, ready to monitor the universe and the mysterious gamma ray bursts," NASA said in a statement.

The mission is carried out in collaboration with the Department of Energy and the collaboration of academic institutions, as well as Spain, France, Germany, Italy, Japan and Sweden

A dark matter

GLAST is a "powerful space observatory" that will explore extreme environments in the universe and search for "new laws of physics, the origin of cosmic rays and the ingredients of the mysterious dark matter," continued the statement.

seek new laws of physics

The satellite will also explain how black holes accelerate the movement of material to nearly light speed and will help elucidate the question of the bursts known as gamma ray bursts.

According to scientists from NASA, GLAST is the first gamma ray observatory capable of observing a changing world and their power ends.

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It reduces the chances of finding life on Mars Water on Mars

The Phoenix American Space Agency (NASA) has found traces of perchlorate on Mars, a high oxidizing substance, which reduces the possibility that the red planet may be habitable .

In the past month, the laboratory aboard the Phoenix has analyzed two tests taken from the soil of Mars indicate that a component of the surface may be perchlorate, NASA said in a statement, announcing that Tuesday will give a press conference to publicize the recent findings.

A test found "no evidence of this chemical"

The space agency said it has been waiting for complementary results from the laboratory of Phoenix, whose furnaces and scientific instruments can detect vapors arising from the substances contained in the samples soil, so too can smell the perchlorate.

The experimental test results carried out on Sunday, in which samples were analyzed slightly above the ice layer, found "no evidence of this chemical," said NASA. Tests

contaminated

The NASA team is also working to rule out any possibility that the evidence containing perchlorate have been contaminated by terrestrial sources which may come from the tube directly or through the instruments of the same.

Perchlorate is used, among other things, the fireworks, the manufacture of explosives and rocket fuels.

The ad, which went almost unnoticed, is a cold shower for NASA after last Thursday confirmed the existence of water on Mars.

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was very abundant 4,000 million years ago

The water was an abundant element in the first geological period on Mars, made between 4600 and 3,800 million years ago, when fu and determining mineral formation in both surface and subsurface of Mars.

After analyzing the latest data from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, researchers from Brown University (USA) today published its findings in the British science journal Nature.

Vast Martian regions were rich in water during the Noachian period, a time when there were dominant hydrological processes across the Martian crust to 5 kilometers deep.

minerals that were in contact with water are those that have allowed scientists to understand that Mars was not a "boiling cauldron" but a "good" that might harbor life organism.

These minerals are phyllosilicates, a kind of clay found in the remains of the Noachian period of the mountainous southern regions of the planet and who have preserved the trace of the interaction with water.

in the Jezero crater have been discovered two deltas and scientists say that there was a large lake and a water flow of 15,000 square kilometers. Due to the abundance water and sediment transport, the researchers suggest that martian life exists, the deltas were the ideal place for development.

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Phoenix finds water on Mars

Laboratory tests performed at the rover "Phoenix" have confirmed the existence of water on Mars, NASA said today.

This is the first time Martian water is "touched and tasted."

A statement from the U.S. space agency said on Wednesday the robotic arm "Phoenix" deposited a sample in an instrument that identifies vapors of water. "We have water" on Mars said William Boynton, a scientist at Phoenix thermal analyzer at the University of Arizona. According to Boynton, this is the first concrete and secure the presence of liquid on the planet.

added that they had detected evidence of frozen water on observations by the Mars Odyssey and others which were diluted to be observed by Phoenix last month. "But this is the first time Martian water is touched and tasted," he added.
extended mission

The sample which confirmed the presence of water was extracted from a hole about five inches in the Martian soil and where the robotic arm hit a hard layer of frozen material. On Wednesday, two days sample had been exposed to the Martian atmosphere containing water began to evaporate thereby facilitating its observation, the statement said.

The Phoenix-finding mission that came down on May 25 in an area of \u200b\u200bMars' north pole was to last three months and ended in August. However, in view of the successes has been extended until 30 September, said the statement from NASA.

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Martian soil is still able to accommodate some form Discover Life

Martian soil samples analyzed by the Phoenix ingredients to develop some form of life scientists said on Thursday charged with the mission. These samples tested by Phoenix, which also confirmed the presence of ice in the Martian soil, are much more alkaline than previously thought, scientists said in a telephone news conference from Tucson, Arizona.

There are still many unanswered questions about the true composition of Martian soil "We basically found what appear to be the requirements, the nutrients to support life, past or present" on Mars, said Sam Kounaves, one of the scientists. "We are shocked by the data we have received. It's the kind of soil that one would find in the backyard, very alkaline.

"You could grow asparagus in it," he said. "There is nothing in it that could exclude the possibility of life. Rather, it appears to be very friendly," he added.

magnesium, sodium, potassium and other elements

The analysis of samples by the chemical laboratory of the spacecraft also found the presence of magnesium, sodium, potassium and other elements added. However, Kounaves noted that analysis of other samples needed to accurately determine whether all the necessary items. "There are still many unanswered questions about the true composition of Martian soil, "said David Paige, a scientist at the University of California.

But apart from the existence of water, the ship has not yet confirmed the presence of carbon, the other crucial element to develop some sort of life as we know it on Earth. The NASA spacecraft down near the Martian north pole on 25 May after a 10-month journey to the planet. The main purpose of his mission is whether in the distant past the planet housed, besides water, organic elements that could lead to a kind of life.

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three planets like Earth

European researchers say they have discovered a set of three 'super-Earths "orbiting a nearby star, two systems and other plots where small orbiting planets that could resemble our own. As declared at a conference of specialists held in France, research suggests that these planets may be more common than we think.

One of them completes a full orbit in just four days. The trio of planets are orbiting a star with a mass slightly less than that of our sun is located about 42 light years Doradus and Pictor constellations.

As shown in artistic recreation shown above, the planets are bigger than Earth. You have 4.2 times the mass of our planet, one is 6.7 times larger and the third 9.4.

surround its star at an extreme speed. One of them completes a full orbit in just four days, a pittance compared to the 365 days that used to spin the Earth around the Sun The other two planets are a little slower, it takes 10 and 20 days respectively complete orbit.

Michel Mayor, the Astronomical Observatory of Geneva, has used the HARPS telescope for this finding. So far found in space more than 270 exoplanets, most of which are as big as Jupiter or Saturn, because smaller planets are more difficult to find.

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A pair of galaxies separated by 31 million light years away

entry number 51 in Charles Messier's famous catalog of the original spiral nebula, a large spiral galaxy with a well defined structure also cataloged as NGC 5194. Lie

officially in the limits of the small constellation Canes Venatici. With more than 60,000 light years across, the spiral arms of M51 and dust lanes are clearly players in front of his companion galaxy (Right), NGC 5195.

image data of the Advanced Camera Tracking Telescope have been reprocessed to produce this alternative portrait of the well known interaction of two galaxies. That image processing has made very clear details, enhance color and higher contrast in weak areas, enlarging the dust lanes and flows across her small companion, along with features in the vicinity and center of M51 as such.

The couple is about 31 million light years away. Not far from the handle of the Dipper (Ursa Major), these galaxies lie officially in the limits of small constellation Canes Venatici.

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The Milky Way has two arms of stars and not four as previously thought

The Milky Way galaxy that is home to Earth, has two arms of stars, not four as previously thought astronomers, as revealed in the images provided by the Spitzer Space Telescope NASA. The theory of stellar four arms had been impossible to confirm until now precisely because of the fact that the Earth is inside.

Our Sun is between Perseus and Sagittarius But now Spitzer has provided a new basis to reconsider the whole structure of the Milky Way, said Robert Benjamin, an astronomer at the University of Wisconsin, during a press conference in St. Louis, Missouri.

"We will continue our picture editing (Galaxy) in the same way that early explorers sailing around the world corrected their maps," he said in a report submitted to the Astronomical Society of the United States.

Since 1950, astronomers had models based on observations of galactic cosmic gases that suggested a spiral structure with four arms of stars, called Norma, Scutum-Centaurus, Sagittarius and Perseus. Our Sun is between Perseus and Sagittarius.

800,000
parts

For many years, created maps of the galaxy on the study of a section or a single method, Benjamin said in a statement released by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) of NASA.

"Unfortunately, when comparing these models did not match. It was like studying an elephant blindfolded," he said. But observations by infrared instruments made in the past decade led to reconsider those structures.

With Spitzer, astronomers have now got a much broader picture of the galaxy with a mosaic of 800,000 pieces which includes 110 million stars, JPL said. To further these observations, Benjamin has developed software that allowed him to count the stars and measure the density of stars. And when he looked toward group Scutum-Centaurus, found, as expected, an increase in the number of stars. But by focusing on Sagittarius and Norma, no such increase was stellar. Perseus is at the opposite end of the galaxy and can not be seen in Spitzer images.

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discovered the smallest extrasolar planet known to date

The new planet, called MOA-2007-BLG-192Lb, is about three times the size of Earth and orbits a star with a mass so small that researchers believe that it is a "failed star" or a brown dwarf: a star that never achieved the mass required to initiate fusion reactions in its core.

explains the science specialist for the BBC, Paul Rincon, astronomers found the planet using the technique of gravitational distortion, which uses the bending of light when the rays pass close to an object large, like a star.

Some researchers have speculated that the planet may have a dense atmosphere, or even be an ocean on its surface, says Rincon. The

NASA space telescope James Webb, which should become operational in 2013, can help you find signs of life on planets with a mass similar to that of Earth, orbiting low mass stars near the Sun

The Holy Grail

According to Paul Rincon, the discovery of a planet with a mass similar to Earth's is considered the "Holy Grail" of research on extrasolar planets, and that would be most suitable for life.

Speaking of the new planet, Nicholas Rattenbury, one of those responsible for finding, University of Manchester, said "it is possible that this has a dense atmosphere could act like a big blanket, helping to keep it warm. "

This, according Rattembury," has led to speculate on the possibility of a liquid ocean on its surface.

The planet MOA- 2007-BLG-192Lb orbiting a star with an orbital radius similar to that of Venus. This star is believed to be between 3,000 and one million times fainter than the Sun, so the top of the planet's atmosphere must of being cold.

is also believed that in addition to cold, this planet must be extremely dark.

The planet MOA-2007-BLG-192Lb was found with the MOA-II telescope located in the Mount John Observatory in New Zealand, shown in the image on the right. Next to it, an artistic impression of the planet discovered by NASA.

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Phenix, a new hope

Is ice that lies beneath the Phoenix lander on Mars? Although not at first sight, it is likely that under the substrate if you are an ice layer.

space probe landed a week ago, and have to dig into Martian soil in search of ice, but the instigators of the probe itself may have uncovered some during descent.

This image above is a photograph made last week by the Robotic Arm Camera and shows us a rare colored substance just in front of the landing of the Phoenix.

During the following weeks, Phoenix will continue photographing his surroundings, analyze the composition of the substrate so clear and dig around. If this unusual Martian ice clear substrate out would give the Phoenix a pedestal very timely to investigate the history of water on Mars, and to better determine the border between the ice and the land was ever capable of sustaining life.

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My practice "Block security installations (installation of an alarm)

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At home there may be errors in the installation, accident, or unintentional misuse of technical systems. Technical alarms warn of any abnormal situation such as water leaks, gas leaks, smoke, fire etc. The announcement is done: Local
, with sirens, bells, lights, etc spoken messages., Remotely
the monitoring station and / or end user directly via conventional telephone, mobile, email similar.
The house may be prepared to act automatically according to the alarm further notice, such as:
If there is a leak cuts water supply water solenoid.
If a gas leak cuts off gas to the gas valve.
If smoke can raise or lower blinds pre-programmed as needed.
can also warn of power failure, failure of phone line, etc. And with some modern systems can automatically reset to reactivate some systems.

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Technical Alarms Intruder Alarms CCTV

There are mainly two types of security in the area of \u200b\u200bprotection against intrusion.
Perimeter Protection protects access to the parcel and the same house through doors and windows. Mainly used infrared external barriers fences, garden and windows and doors, and touch sensors magnetic door / window sensors and glass breakage.
interior protection, intrusion protection within the same household. It is normally used motion detection sensors to infrared and ultrasonic technologies.
security systems can be connected to an Alarm Receiving Centre (ARC) or managed by the same user. System connected to the CRA

If the user wants his system to be maintained and in case of alarms to alert monitoring station (CRA) the system must satisfy that:
The equipment and devices must be approved for that purpose.
The security system must be installed by a company approved by the Ministry of Interior for this purpose (guarantees, etc.).. The company issued a technical bulletin of the installation which must be delivered to the relevant technical Commissioner.
The company providing the service of CRA meets a set of technical and legal requirements (guarantees, etc..) According to the law of the Ministry of Interior. Such systems, if the occurrence of an intrusion event, alarms or panic, always connect to the CRA to notify the event. According to the agreed procedure, the staff of the CRA confirms the alarm and warn the police and / or user, and come to the site, depending on the type of contract and event.
personal monitoring system
Any security system, whether or not approved, can be installed in a housing and configured to directly notify the user or owner thereof. In this case the user who manages to do in case an event occurs in the home. In Spain, under current legislation, the user can install any type of security system and configure it to alert you to it directly, provided they do not install outdoor sirens that harm their neighbors. More and more are coming to market products or systems that can be configured to warn end users directly. Also tend to incorporate the option to be high in a CRA and the type of event, notify one or both.
also used the names "Professional Security System" or "Personal Safety System" to differentiate the two.
security systems have begun to include more functionality. Are mainly home automation, to control lighting, HVAC, access, etc., But also video surveillance. These features act on events, or events make home automation becomes more and more security systems in a central and indispensable part in the digital home.
Additionally, using security cameras that can be viewed and / or were recording remotely or locally for identification of losintrusos. Surveillance cameras may be conventional analog cameras are wired to a power plant capable of treating the image to access locally or over the Internet (video servers with or without IP). Or each camera can be connected to the Internet (IP cameras) for direct access to the camera via the Internet or to include the image in another global interface control and home monitoring.

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In modern families usually no one person has overall responsibility for the home in the house all day. And often when we are at home we would like to know what is happening such as when the worker arrives, making the girl with our children, if children have reached school, what the children a little older when they left home alone at night if we go to dinner etc. Structured we define these "emotional alarms" as an example
Notices of activities such as the arrival or departure of third parties (worker, girl, gardener, plumber etc.) Or relatives (children, parents, etc..) Housing. Notices
absence of activity, if someone stays in the house (children, elderly, etc) without any activdad at a given time interval, something that can be an indexation that has been something like a fall or similar, or an older person has not risen in the morning.
The type of notice can be structured into two types:
text or spoken messages saved in the same plant, or real-time alerts to phones, mobile, e-mails etc. that signal the connection or disconnection of the alarm, access to specific areas and so on.
Picture messages sent via MMS, or streaming, cell phone or e-mail, or recorded movies stored in the video, PC, according to flight schedule or according to events within the home.
Additionally we can monitor real-time housing locally through television, or similar PC or remotely via the Internet for activities that occur within the home with cameras distributed by different areas and rooms, the house.

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Security Index block

1. Facilities security.
2. alarm centers.
3. Sensors.
4. and Baseball and warning systems.
5. Protection against theft and robbery.
6. Fire Protection.
7. carbon monoxide gases. Home Automation
8. applied to security systems.

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detect water and methane on a planet outside our solar system is

The atmosphere of an extrasolar planet, 63 light years away in the constellation Vulpecula, containing methane and water vapor, according to research published today in the journal Nature.

These findings from scientists at the California Institute of Technology and the University of Arizona (U.S.) help build a better understanding of atmospheric chemical processes and the extrasolar planet, called HD 189733b.

Previous research suggested that in the atmosphere could be water, but this study confirms this and also detects the presence of methane, but not found carbon monoxide a substance that is thought abundant in the upper layer of the atmosphere.

Thanks to the Hubble Space Telescope, which used a technique of infrared waves to determine the transmission spectrum have been captured chemical changes in atmospheric conditions that have allowed scientists to gather key information to confirm the presence of methane and water vapor.

Planet of hot Jupiters, "gas is made, as the giant of our solar system, but its orbit is much closer to the star. It has a mass of 0.15 higher than that of Jupiter and the astronomers calculate that the surface temperature is several hundred degrees.

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security installations Photovoltaic solar energy budget of a photovoltaic solar home

Calculation of the number of solar panels for a PV system with a single family home in the Province of Las Palmas, a town Telde.

Consumption:

1. 
   
   Lighting. 5 lamps lighting 60 w each, and a 5-h UTILIZATION daily. 5 x 60 = 300w x 6 h = 1800Wh.


2. 
   
   pumping. 1 100 w motor with a 3-h daily use. 1oo x 3 = 300Wh.


3. 
   
   TV 50 W with a 5 h daily use. 50w x 6 h = 300wh.


4. 
   
   230W cold washing with use of 2 hours daily. 230w x 2h = 460Wh.


5. 
   
   low ocnsumo Fridge adapted to the situation. Of 7.24 wy to use 24 hours of the day. W 7.24 x 24 = 173.76 Wh.


6. 
   
   40W CD Radio with a 3 hour daily use. 40w x 3h = 120WH.

load calculation average daily Ah:

1800 +120 +300 +300 +460 +173,76 / 24v = 131.40 Ah.

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paracompensar 25% losses in the system:

Ah

131.40 + 131.40 x 25/100 = 164.25 Ah.

Calculation of the total intensity required (Table radiation)

HSP in Las Palmas = 4.3 HSP.

Ah 164.25 / 4.3 = 38.19 A. HSP

Calculation of panels required. I-100/24 \u200b\u200bmodule.

characteristics.

• 
  
  Peak power (Pmax) 100W.


• 
  
  Short circuit current (Ise) 3.27 A.


• 
  
  open circuit voltage (Voc) 43.2 V.


• 
  
  Max Power (I max) 2.87 A.


• 
  
  Maximum Power Voltage (V max) 34.8 V

38.19 A / 2.8 A = 13.63 = 14 panels.

Calculation of the capacity of the battery with an autonomy required 14 days, the batteries will lead and with a temperature of 20 º C.

C = Cdiario · D / Pd = 164.25 x 14 / 0.7 = 3285 Ah

calculation section.

section length of 2 meters from the controller to the batteries. S = 2x0, 017x2x100/56x12x12x3% = 6.8 / 24,192 = 2.8 mm2 -> Commercial Section 4 mm2.

Section length 5 meters from the panels to the controller. S = 2x0, 017x5x100/56x12x12x3 = 17/24192 = 7.02 mm2 -> Commercial Section 10 mm2.

controller calculation is needed for installation.

The maximum intensity provided by the panels is Imax-cp + = 14 x 2.87 = 40.18 A

1. 
   
   the battery voltage is 24 V.


2. regulator taking into account the above characteristics and overestimate the regulator and we chose one with the following characteristics:

• WORKING voltage of 24 v.


• intensity of 30A.


• A model that fits within these Technical Characteristics.