Vespa Sidecart Singapore

sell electricity in 2006 will be required to install solar panels in new buildings with free Internet

free solar energy projects and renewable energy

2006 The energy efficiency standards required to install energy solar in new buildings as well as to register their energy rating

Under IDEA - Institute for Energy Diversification and Saving of Energy - the requirements for new buildings with energy efficiency will be applicable from January 2006 in accordance with the policy set by the Energy Efficiency in Buildings EU.

This directive adopted in 2002 had three objectives: reducing energy consumption, improve performance and enhance systems used for solar thermal and photovoltaic. Following this directive, adopted in Spain by the end of 2005 a new regulation with three lines Action:

1. Technical Building Code: addition to limiting energy demand and improve the performance of the systems raises the incorporation of solar thermal for hot water heating, solar photovoltaic and large consumer centers.

As an example, it is mandatory to incorporate photovoltaic panels at:
- hotels and hospitals (> 100 seats or beds)
- multi shop centers (> 3,000 m2)
- offices (> 4,000 m2)
- Hypermarkets (> 5,000 m2 )


2. Regulation of Thermal Installations in Buildings: Establishes minimum requirements to meet and plan revisions for boilers and air conditioning.

3. Energy Certification of Buildings: provide for classification of buildings according to their energy efficiency by establishing a minimum allowable and giving the buyer a benchmark for housing from the point of view of energy consumption. Besides


Energy Certification, Technical Code of Building, the White Paper on Sustainability in Building or the English System of building environmental assessment, which still works, can be turned upside down on real estate, reticent to changes in most cases, and which will require that housing bioclimatic as possible.

The reasons are obvious change is estimated that green homes can save up to 60% in daily energy consumption, as Jesus says Ascunde, general director of Planning and Housing of Navarre, and reduce energy consumption in buildings is an imperative of the EU.

Today, 34 municipalities and autonomous region, the Canary Islands have control and respect and in another dozen are pending. In all there are specific support to the installation of solar thermal systems. Among the municipalities with ordinances passed, the capitals of Barcelona, \u200b\u200bMadrid, Sevilla, Granada, Burgos, Pamplona, \u200b\u200bCeuta and, recently, Valencia. Rota also

, Sant Cugat del Vallés or Hospitalet de Llobregat. In Castilla-La Mancha is in progress in Guadalajara, and Albacete Azuqueca de Henares. In Galicia, is pending in several cities with special effort to Vigo and Santiago. La Coruña is implementing initiatives such as the widespread anecdotal solar meter, but nothing definite as to the ordinances in 2006.


The pioneering eco-city in Spain

Valdespartera. Approximately 420 euros each household will spend years of clean energy, says Ramon Betrán, head of planning of the City of Zaragoza. 60% saving of energy is made possible by glass galleries that act as greenhouses. In water, the savings will come from the separation of water and rainwater collection. This project of 9,687 homes (300 free) includes solar panels for hot water.

Sarriguren. 5,017 housing units housing the Sarriguren ecocity whose energy savings will reach 60% and the main measures are the direct solar collection, reuse of greywater and rainwater for irrigation and orientation. The project, completed in 2007, includes solar panels and photovoltaic, wind energy and biomass. The Government of Navarra has demanded and energy certification.

Trinitat nova. Ecocity Included in the project along with seven other European cities, Nova Trinitat project is driven by the Government of Catalonia, Barcelona City Council and local pressure. With the advice of consultants Aiguasol GEA 21 and whose criteria have been passive solar design, water separate network and a centralized system for cogeneration and solar panels. Consists of 3,500 homes.

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DRAFT REPORT OF THE PROJECT

Instituto Superior Tecnologico
PUBLIC "JOSÉ PARDO"


burglar alarm
SCR

WITH ELECTRONIC




STUDENT:

MACAHUACHI BARBOZA, ROSA ESTELA


PROF. ADVISORY: ABDEL


ROJAS




























MY PARENTS, AND MY FRIENDS OF THE NATIONAL BIBLIOECA PERU, THAT HELPED ME WITH BOOKS AND IDEAS TO BE ABLE TO CARRY OUT THIS GREAT PROJECT.









ISTP. JOSE PARDO "






FOREWORD.

THYRISTORS

thyristor is called to all semiconductor component with 2 stable states consisting of several semiconductor layers, 3 or more pn junctions, 2, 3 or 4 terminals. Classification



Unidirectional: Drive Bidirectional
one way: They drive in two ways

have unidirectional Within:

SCR: silicon controlled rectifier
GTO, thyristor gate off
SCS: dual gate thyristor
SUS: LASCR
unilateral switch, thyristor light-activated

Within the bi are:

TRIAC, DIAC
triode CA: CA diode
SBS: Switch bilateral


THYRISTOR SCR


are able to control 2000A, 4000V. The working frequency is 50-60Hz (thyristor network) can work with frequencies up to 200KHz (fast thyristors).


are used in the controlled rectification and power all the techniques that are used to modify any representation of electric power.

Rating:

P-SCR: SCR

type N:

Properties:

is an almost ideal switch even when it is in conducting state has a voltage drop of 2V.
easily controlled rectifier. Relative speed



Macahuachi Barboza, Estela Rosa.



ISTP JOSE PARDO "







INTRODUCTION


As its name implies, SCR is a rectifier built with silicon material with a third terminal for purposes of control. Silicon was chosen because of their high temperature capabilities and power.

The basic operation of the SCR is different from the semiconductor diode of two fundamental layers, in which a third terminal, called a gate, determines when the rectifier switching state open circuit to closed circuit. It is not enough just to forward bias the anode to the cathode of the device.

driving in the region of the dynamic resistance of the SCR is typically 0.01 to 0.1. Reverse resistance is typically 100 kg or more.



ISTP. JOSE PARDO "




WITH SCR burglar alarm.



PROBLEM 1.1 Introduction
In all locations are constantly increasing thefts in the departments, temporary or occasional empty, with more intensity in large cities than in small towns.
currently takes place at any time of year and not just during the holiday exodus.
The number of such thefts is very high, and for that cause most cases it is vain hope of identifying and recovering the stolen responsibilities. This type of crime, together with auto theft, ranked first in the classification of crimes unpunished



1.2 PROBLEM FORMULATION

thefts mostly occur by showdown, economic failure or simply are committed by persons of evil life. To counter these crimes
It follows a theft protection system

1.3 OBJECTIVES GENERAL AND SPECIFIC.

OBJECTIVES.

By joining this project, we get a light or sound alarm with two types of circuits: an open circuit and closed circuit. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES



A. Have a simple and homemade alarm for our personal protection and material.

B. Protection not only from home, but cars and / or other equipment.


IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH

to establish the electrical short circuit operation of the alarm, you can use a micro pressure or any other contact system is operated to open the door or window to be protected. Use of this system is very simple and requires no special care
Thanks to this simple alarm, be comfortable leaving, for example, house or anything else that is under our care.
This new alarm can be installed across a corner and you can between neighbors is security, because when the alarm sounds the neighbors will be watching and ready to act.



















CHAPTER I












ISTP. JOSE PARDO "




CHAPTER I

burglar alarm
WITH SCR 1.1 DEFINITION



The main component of this circuit is an SCR (Rectifier Silicon controlled), which acts as security or electronic switch. Initially, the SCR does not conduct and the LED does not light.
control circuit alarm consists of two types of switches, one closed and one normally open. When the switch S1 is closed, current flows through R1, to the gate of SCR. The same happens when the switch S2 opens, current flows through R2 and D1.
In both cases, a positive voltage appears at the gate of SCR and this leads anode and cathode LED lighting.
Then we say that the alarm is activated.
As the SCR is closed but the voltage is removed from the gate, the alarm will stay on regardless of the position of the switches.
can be connected to the auxiliary output, a buzzer of 6 or 9 volts or a relay that can handle a high volume siren.
This circuit can also be powered with a car battery of 12 volts and can take account of not overloading the SCR with a current higher than its capacity.
The switches most commonly used sensors are magnetic. These consist of two parts: a small magnet that attaches to the door or window of a moving part, and a fixed part having a switch that activates when approaching the magnet.
In this normal state, with the door or window closed, the switches are closed to have the magnet close, when you open the door or window is opened and the switch activates the alarm.



1.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE DEFINITION

A. The SCR is an electronic switch that closes when a positive voltage applied to its gate or "Gate."

B. THE SCR 's are used in a number of circuits Agran, from burglar alarms to lightings and sequential rhythmic. 1.3

historians.

Within the family of pnpn devices, silicon controlled rectifier (SCR) is undoubtedly the most interest today, and was first presented in 1956 by the Bell Telephone Laboratories. Some of the most common application of the SCR includes relay controls, time delay circuits, regulated power supplies, static switches, motor controls, trimmers, investors, cicloconversores, battery chargers, protection circuits, controls heating and phase controls.
in recent years have been cycles cycles SCR to control powers as high as 10 MW and individual values \u200b\u200bas high as 2000 A at 1800 V. Its frequency range of application has also been extended to about 50 kHz, which has allowed some high-frequency applications




















Instituto Superior Tecnologico Publico.
JOSE PARDO "





CHAPTER II OPERATION OF SCR


2.1 SUB-SUB TITLE THEME 2.1.1



OPERATION

SCR Silicon Controlled Rectifier) \u200b\u200bis an electronic switch, which closes when applied voltage on the gate or "Gate."
An SCR is a diode, but with a difference. As a diode is the cathode and anode, and passes current in one direction, also has an additional terminal called the gate or "Gate." The gate is used to push or trigger the SCR conduction state. Only when the gate receives a positive voltage, drives the SCR.
Then, although the suspension that voltage, the SCR continues to conduct.
The only way to stop driving, is to remove or change the voltage polarity is positive at the anode. 2.2



SUB-TITLES USED AS 2.2.1 SCR.


The SCR's are used in a large number of circuits, from burglar alarms up lighting equipment and sequential rhythmic.

Below is a diagram of a simple circuit using an SCR and serves to more clearly understand its operation.

In this circuit, the cathode (C) and anode (A) of the SCR, are connected via a buzzer and a switch to a 12 volt battery.

However, no current flows through the buzzer and it does not sound because the SCR is not conducting. No driving, because the "gate" or gateway is connected to the negative battery through the bridge between points A and B. Remember

SCR only conducts when a voltage at the gate. If

bridge between A and B is stopped, the gate is disconnected from the negative and positive voltage passes through the resistance R1

At this point, the SCR conducts and the buzzer sounds.

Now, this is very important, but back to connect the bridge between points A and B that have no effect on the SCR. Once the gate to trigger the SCR conduction state loses control over its operation. The only way to disconnect the circuit is open the swich SI, thereby removing the voltage of the SCR. If we close SI again, the alarm is activated. CURRENT AND VOLTAGE

PERMITTED

As Diods, the SCR's are classified in terms of their ability to handle current and voltage. THE GE106B1. SCR is a widely used, has a capacity of 2 amps and 200 volts.









ISTP. JOSE PARDO "








CONCLUSIONS 1. The SCR is a multipurpose switch, which is very easy to manipulate.

2. The technical values \u200b\u200bare entrusted to the editor during the control and verification.























BIBLIOGRAPHY


• Project complete electronic
KIT .- "Basic course in applied electronics"

· Electronics modern applied 4
Sybil P. Editor in chref
Parker.

Third Circuit Integrated Technical issues
REDE, paragraph 35400-Barcelona.


- Internet Links

www.google.com www.wikipedia.com

www.comunidadelectronicos.com

The Bottom Of My Heel Is Numb

Aragon Solar Energy solar-produced hydrogen

Analysis free solar energy projects

Aragon A project receives national and European funding to produce hydrogen from solar and wind energy

The president of the English Hydrogen Association, Antonio González , said Aragon and Spain both have good conditions for producing hydrogen through renewable energy.

Thus, the Government of Aragon through the Foundation for the Development of New Hydrogen Technologies in Aragon, has initiated a project to be undertaken Walqa Technology Park and has just received government funding of the nation and the European Union is the production of hydrogen from solar and wind energy.

The project involves the installation of solar panels and wind turbines for the production of hydrogen fuel cells. Foundation President Luis Correas, said that currently permits are being processed by developing projects and organizing the purchase of necessary equipment.

The first work could begin in September 2006 and the implementation of the project in spring 2007. This initiative has four partners Europeans who will identify the most appropriate technologies for the production of hydrogen and where European technology centers that can produce it.

partners are the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Turin (Italy), the Center for Innovation and Technology of North Rhine in Westphalia (Germany), a Swedish research corporation and a business innovation center of Coventry ( UK).

The Minister of Industry, Trade and Tourism of Aragon, Arturo Aliaga, said the central government will contribute EUR 1.962 million between 2005 and 2006 and the European Union, 854,000 EUR under the Sixth Framework Programme. The overall cost of the project amounts to 6 million euros.


Aragon II celebrates the European Hydrogen Energy Conference in Zaragoza

More than 500 experts will participate until 25 November at the Second European Hydrogen Energy Conference to be held in the Auditorium of Zaragoza, in which the greatest specialists in matter will address the state of hydrogen technologies, something which can be used as an alternative fuel and other energy sources like oil, natural gas, nuclear or thermal power plants.

President of the English Association Hydrogen, Antonio González, explained that hydrogen is already used in industry as a reagent. His production as a fuel can be produced from any primary energy source and can generate electricity for distribution.

can also be a source of power for mobile phones, computers and motor vehicles both land, sea and air. Regarding the latter application, the president of the Association added that all car companies have prototype hydrogen and that this source "reduce pollutant emissions" and allow "energy savings."

At present, research focuses on developing storage systems, ways of obtaining hydrogen at a competitive price, and technologies to enable mass production of systems and fuel cells.


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Too Much Wine Cause Heart Palpitation?

Caixa Galicia is concentrated in the energy sector

Caixa Galicia ended yesterday leaving the Banco Pastor. The case led by José Luis Mendez came off the 5% stake still held in the capital of the entity at a price of 38.7 euros per share, bringing the total transaction amount to 127 million euros. The transaction report to Caixa Galicia a gain of 84.3 million.

Sources close to the sale assured that this is related to a shift in strategy for the savings, has decided to dispose of their investments in the financial sector to focus its efforts on energy. In the same context also includes the recent successive increases in the participation of Caixa Galicia in Union Fenosa.

True to this new target, Caixa Galicia has entered this week, at the hands of Portuguese cork tycoon Americo Amorim, the capital of Luso oil group Galp. He has done through Iberian Investments, a company in which the Galician bank controls 45% and Amorim, the remaining 55%. This Wednesday closed the purchase of 14.26% of Galp was in the hands of Electricidade de Portugal (EDP) for an amount of 720.5 million euros.

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Photovoltaic solar energy: R & D to double yields in Coruña LivCom

Analysis free solar energy projects

Research and Development to double yields and reduce costs

The English researcher Thomas Torres is working with Robert Grubbs, Nobel Prize in Chemistry last to develop polymers which transform solar energy into electrical energy.

The objective of this research is to produce electricity from bio-active units of light collection, designed by the rearrangement of molecular structures in the laboratory. This will lead to enhanced performance of solar panels and reduce
manufacturing costs
The researcher explained that the objective of the work, which are also collaborating scientists from universities in Germany and Austria, is to use this power and get a solar cell. And in his view, organic solar cells are the future energy. Replacing

organic silicon cells - bacteria or proteins -

Currently solar energy equipment are based on silicon cells to convert the captured energy into electrical energy. The silicon market is hampering the development of this renewable energy source in the world because of supply shortages, the high degree of purity required and some monopoly power.

R & D development of organ systems of power generation units based on solar light-harvesting from bacteria or proteins extracted from laboratory cultures in base polymer (plastic). It is estimated that these systems will reduce by half the production costs of photovoltaic cells based on silicon and double the efficiency of existing equipment. ACCIONA

done a research of three years which aims to improve efficiency and reduce costs of existing systems-based photovoltaic cells silicon. If the investigation concludes with the expected success, the current cost of photovoltaic energy could be reduced at an early stage in half, with an energy efficiency that would double as a minimum of current silicon cells (around 12%).

In later phases, the costs could be reduced by up to six times (from current $ 3 per kWh produced with silicon cells to 0.5 dollars), tripling the current energy efficiency of photovoltaic devices. The market is estimated at at least 5 years to ensure reliability in the medium and long term.


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: Exhibition of major cities

Until 11 November, The Coruña Exhibition celebrates the world's greenest cities Palexco palace in the port.
(The International Awards for Liveable Communities - LivCom)

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PROJECT ELECTRONIC RESEARCH

CHAPTER I. GENERAL



1.1 Title: ELECTRONIC ANTI-THEFT. 1.2 The responsible authority

OF PROJECT: MACAHUACHI BARBOZA, ESTELA.
1.3 ADVISORY: ABDEL ROJAS. 1.4
INSTITUTION: ISTP JOSE PARDO "
1.5 KEY PROJECT: SINGLE ALARM

WELFARE CHAPTER II THE APPROACH TO THE STUDY



2.1 STUDY APPROACH

at all four sites are constantly increasing thefts departments , temporary or occasional empty, with more intensity in large cities than in small towns. Today
takes place at any time of year and not just during the holiday exodus.
The number of such thefts is very high, and for that cause most cases it is vain hope of identifying and recovering the stolen responsibilities. This type of crime, along with auto theft, ranked first in the classification of crimes unpunished

2.2 HYPOTHESIS

thefts mostly occur by showdown, economic failure or simply are committed by persons of evil life. To counter these crimes
It follows a theft protection system

2.3 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

In assembling this project, we get a light or sound alarm with two types of circuits: an open circuit and closed circuit.

2.4 Assessment of the Problem

actually shows that this type of justivas insights not only takes place in major towns but also in popular departments in the groups of houses on the periphery of urban centers.
How to reply to the question of how to be able to defend this action and ignoring constant vigilance, little more than impossible, it is the action of signing an insurance policy, although there maybe loss of sentimental property without compensation as possible.
seems that the solution best is to prevent the perpetrators of such crimes to enter the house or, if they do, put them to flight immediately. This can be achieved using an electronic alarm. The device presented here is a valid tool for both home defense, as the car.
The use of this device requires that the installation be performed in the most timely and offer the widest guarantees of safety. Construction and installation does not have the slightest difficulty, but especially in regard to the installation must follow a very precise criteria on which are the key points necessary to prevent the attacker can isolate and neutralize the device. The device is extremely easy to operate, since its commissioning was done by means of a switch.

2.5 RATIONALE AND IMPORTANCE OF THE PROBLEM

to establish the electrical short circuit operation of the alarm, you can use a micro pressure or any other contact system is operated to open the door or window to be protected. Use of this system is very simple and requires no special care
Thanks to this simple alarm, be comfortable leaving, for example, house or anything else that is under our care.
This new alarm can be installed across a corner and you can form a security between neighbors because when the alarm sounds the neighbors will be watching and ready to act.



CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

The main component of this circuit is an SCR (silicon controlled rectifier), which acts as security or electronic switch. Initially, the SCR does not conduct and the LED does not light.
control circuit alarm consists of two types of switches, one closed and one normally open. When the switch S1 is closed, current flows through R1, to the gate of SCR. The same happens when the switch S2 opens, current flows through R2 and D1.
In either case, a positive voltage appears on the gate of SCR and this leads anode and cathode lighting LED.
Then we say that the alarm is activated.
As the SCR is closed but the voltage is removed from the gate, the alarm will stay on regardless of the position of the switches.
can be connected to the auxiliary output, a buzzer of 6 or 9 volts or a relay that can handle a high volume siren.
This circuit can also be powered with a car battery of 12 volts and can take account of not overloading the SCR with a current higher than its capacity.
The switches most commonly used sensors are magnetic. These consist of two parts: a small magnet that attaches to the door or window of a moving part, and a fixed part that has a switch that activates when approaching the magnet.
In this normal state, with the door or window closed, the switches are closed to be the magnet around, when you open the door or window is opened and the switch activates the alarm.

CHAPTER IV.

administrative aspects. 4.1 Material



• 1 ceramic capacitor of 0.1 uf.
• 1 red LED.
¨ C106B SCR.
• 1 common 1N4003 diode
33kW resistors • 2 • 1
resistance of 220 W.
• 1 printed circuit.
Connector • 1 9 volt battery .. 4.2 Budget

OR COST OF PROJECT

As mentioned, This alarm was simple and cheap addition, the cost of all materials is about S/8.00 approximately soles. CHAPTER V.


REFERENCES



• Project complete electronic
KIT .- "Basic course in applied electronics"

· Electronics modern applied 4
Sybil P. Parker
Editor in chref.

Third Circuit Integrated Technical issues
REDE, paragraph 35400-Barcelona.



CHAPTER VI ANNEXES



6.1 Definition of Terms

INTEGRATED CIRCUITS: With the initials IC (integrated circuit) is known universally a piece of silicon as thin as a sheet of paper and so small that it can be said to be inside any of the letters "o". Although they look so small, the IC is, in fact, the bridge that has permitted beyond the limits of the micro-electronics, which is the science and technology for building electronic circuits as small as possible. Its construction requires the ongoing collaboration of highly specialized electronic engineering, physics, chemistry, crystallography and microphotography.
At first glance, all integrated look identical. In fact, the manufacturing method is the same in all cases and the differences between the two types look really minimal. It takes the same technique and the same time to produce 10 thousand or a single IC, whether it is as relay amplifiers, oscillators or electronic conmutaciores. It does not matter which is intended to run at incredible speeds within electronic computers, to stabilizing current or voltage, to encode or decode, a color TV or if they exceed the most stringent heat or cold more intense and a trip to the moon.

SCR (Silicon Controlled Rectifier) \u200b\u200bis an electronic switch that closes when a positive voltage applied to its gate or "Gate."
An SCR is a diode, but with a difference. As a diode is the cathode and anode, and passes current in one direction, also has an additional terminal called the gate or "Gate." The gate is used to push or trigger the SCR conduction state. Only when the gate receives a positive voltage, drives the SCR.
Then, although the suspension that voltage, the SCR continues to conduct.
The only way to stop driving, is to remove or change the voltage polarity is positive at the anode.

RESISTANCE. O resistors: Basically, the resistors used to limit or control the current in the circuits.
components are most commonly found in electronic devices such as radios, televisions, amplifiers and are the lowest cost. CONDENSER

or capacitors: It consists of two plates separated kill them with an insulating material called "dielectric."
The main function of the capacitors store electrical energy is temporarily em.

rectifier diodes, components are made of semiconductor material and has two elements called the anode and cathode.
The main function is to allow the passage of current in one direction and for this reason its main use is to convert current alternating current. BATTERIES

or batteries: components are widely used today, as modern electronic circuits consume little power and therefore can be fed to them. The purpose of a battery is supplying electrical power to operate the electronic circuits.

LED (light emitting diode): An LED or light emitting diode is a special type of diode that produces light when current is flowing through it.
is important to remember that the LED, as all the diode, have polarity. The cathode is generally indicated by a flat edge or a terminal shorter than the other.

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Save with biomass farming and livestock breeding Florentino

Analysis free grants and feasibility of renewable energy projects

Possibilities of energy crops

The forecast Development Plan to 3,350 ktoe raise the contribution of primary energy from renewable energy crops, between 800,000 and 1 million hectares, the area required for growing species for energy purposes, regardless of the agricultural land for traditional uses. Since

currently in Spain have stopped growing about two million hectares of dry land, as a result of the implementation of the CAP (Common Agricultural Policy) there is sufficient area for biomass production by such crops, that may represent a good opportunity to revive activity in the agricultural sector.

Among the herbaceous species lignocellulosics, cardoon (Cynara cardunculus L.) seems the most promising for the production of biomass, as a species of the Mediterranean region is well suited to the climate of the Iberian Peninsula. In recent years, Provence cane (Arundo donax), already used by the paper industry, and Brassica carinata, have shown promising results for biomass production.

Possibilities of using agricultural residues

The energy potential of agricultural residues in Spain is estimated at 8,800 ktoe and is now very little or no use, especially for lack of industries can use and which were located in the vicinity of crop fields in which such waste is produced.

If consuming plants create biomass produced by energy crops, which would necessarily be in agricultural areas, it would allow the use of residual biomass crops generated in the catchment area of \u200b\u200bthe plant and thereby significantly increase consumption of this type of waste biomass. Thus it is estimated that total could easily use one of 3 Mtoe of agricultural biomass waste, equivalent to 34% of the potential.

Perspectives in the use of liquid biofuels

The history of biofuels in Spain is relatively recent. Two main lines have been chosen for the introduction of biofuels in the national energy matrix, bioethanol feedstock used as a gasoline additive ETBE and biodiesel directly mixed with fossil diesel. Currently there are only a bioethanol plant in Spain (Cartagena, 100,000 m3 / year capacity), and two plants under construction or planned (Corunna and Salamanca, total capacity 250,000 m3 / y).

currently no biodiesel production plant in the industrial field. There are initiatives in Tarragona and Vitoria to produce it from waste oils and Andalusia from waste oil industry.

Considering the current consumption of fuels Spain 10 Mt of gasoline and 20 Mt of diesel, the substitution of 5% biofuels represent 0.5 Mt of bioethanol and biodiesel 1 Mt.

The future and technological development of biomass

To achieve the objectives of the Plan of Development of Renewable Energy is essential to foster research on biomass production by energy crops. It goes on to develop efficient technologies for converting biomass into solid fuels. These will used to produce both heat and electricity to manufacture automotive liquid biofuel alternative to fossil fuels.

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The city of International Competition celeberará Coruña Livable Communities
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Silver Dip And Cancer

install solar energy in the Ciudad Deportiva de Madrid

View renewable energy grant summary

Real Madrid president Florentino Perez, install solar energy in the Sports City to hot water demand. And we were surprised by the direction of ACS for their innovative bet on wind power, solar thermal and input on the board of Union Fenosa.

Sports City stands out for the lead in each of its facilities. This display technology was conducted with the assistance of the City of Madrid competing for the seat of the 2012 Olympics. The technology reaches its highest expression in the commitment to the environment through energy use alternatives and water purification:

- 60% of domestic hot water production will be by solar energy.

- There is a building of approximately 1,800 m2 of floor where is situated the entire energy production, climate, water storage, treatment, etc? Phase IA of the City of Real Madrid.

- The sanitation system is designed separately, namely, water and storm drain fields on one side and black on the other waste.

- La Ciudad del Real Madrid purge the water reused for irrigation of sports fields and landscaping. To do so will have a final purification system generation.

- In addition, under no circumstances use water from the Canal de Isabel II for irrigation, because the water needed to cover our recycling are not provided by the recycled water network of the City of Madrid.

- Production system, control, management and remote management and security are all commanded, and art.

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: benefits and costs. What can we get and how much it costs? Analysis
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ELECTRONIC CURRICULUM VITAE

CURRICULUM VITAE



1. Personal Data:

1.1 Names and Surname: MACAHUACHI BARBOZA, ROSA ESTELA
1.2 Date of Birth: January 19, 1988 Civil
1.3 Status: Single
Ballot 4.1: 5.1
80688086C6 Address: No. 234
Pachamama Zarate, SJL .


2. Studies:

2.1 Studies Primary: VIRGEN DEL CARMEN CEN
(1994-1999)

2.2. Secondary School: CNM
TERESA GONZALEZ DE FANNING (2000-2004)

3. Higher Education:

3.1. Computer science, Institute "Eiger" (1999-2000)
3.2. Computer assembly, Institute "Eiger" (2003-2004)
3.3. Year 1 student of Electronics, Technological Institute PUBLIC "JOSÉ PARDO.
3.4. Student Programming and Repair Phones. Higher Technological Institute "GAMOR."






Lima, October 18, 2005


____________________________
Barboza Rosa Estela LM Macahuachi
No. 80688086C6

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Solar Decathlon: Solar Energy International Contest for October 2005

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The contest runs until October 16, there have been 18 American universities and the Polytechnic University of Madrid as the only European representative. Each has been designed and built a home that runs exclusively on solar energy. Each house has been transported to the National Mall in Washington DC, and you can visit a village site where the competition is taking place this autumn 2005.

celeberará In November, the International Competition in Galicia Livable Communities



The University Solar Decathlon competition is organized by the Department of Energy of the United States. The intention is to demonstrate how to reconcile the architectural practices with a rational use of energy in a country accustomed to wasting energy. In this case you can only use solar energy efficient technologies and applications that will make our house a home equipped with the comforts of XXI century, but demonstrating that it can respect the health of our mother earth. Bill Clinton will support solar energy.

The solar village will be open from 7 to October 16, 2005. The team houses are open for visiting daily except Oct. 12 when it closed for competition purposes. Final winner will be announced at noon on October 15.

Decathlon: Competition from 10 tests

university teams will compete in ten events that make up the Decathlon and covering aspects such as architectural design, roominess, comfort, energy balance and the like. Include hot water applications, cooling, lighting and other applications. The house can only be supplied with solar energy, but one of the most spectacular and futuristic requirements is that the house should include power for an electric car.

Magic Box: The home of the only European representative
Energy
active and passive solar heating, and photovoltaics are the sole source of power supercasa Magic Box. This respects the environment as possible, but adena includes the latest technology for higher comfort of home. Everything in it is controlled automation. Versatility is another key characteristic: it is possible make use of panels to partition the rooms when required and store when not needed. For example, the show moves from its original position to create a patio in summer, warm days. Ultimately leads to their limits in ecology combination of technologies, automation and adaptability.

The English team and representative of Europe, the UPM that participates in the Solar Decathlon 2005 is coordinated by professors from the School of Architecture (ETSAM), the Institute of Solar Energy (IES) and the Center Integrated Home Automation (CeDInt) attached to the School Senior Telecommunications Engineers (ETSIT) and comprised of students from different schools of the university.

The proposal of the Polytechnic University of Madrid takes the characteristics of Mediterranean culture. Www.solar.etsit.upm.es

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Solar Energy Market in Spain

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booming market


level of investors has not been a great demand and investment efforts in alternative energy or econimizar a resource as water. However, industrial investment in alternative energy could partially offset a less environmentally-conscious.

Investment
solar thermal energy experts agree

experience in the push to supply solar energy industry. This is thanks to the budgets and state support that have their maximum expression in the Plataforma Solar de Almeria, experimenting with prototypes that want to harness this energy source. The government also supports those who generate clean and renewable energy by subsidizing its production to stimulate the growth of this sector.

PHOTOVOLTAIC SOLAR ENERGY: 69% growth in Europe and 43% in Spain in 2004 under European Institute EurObserv'ER.

Germany was in 2004 the world's largest market with 363 MW in the country. Installation is the leader in the past year, ahead of Japan with 280 MW and 90 MW U.S.. The solar energy in Spain has the highest potential for investment in Europe

Growth: photovoltaic power installed in the EU in 2004

Luxembourg 13 Germany 363


Spain 11.78 France 5.87 Netherlands


Italy 4.3 4.3 Austria 3
Other EU 5.2 EU
_______________ Total 384.2



SOLAR THERMAL 20% in Europe and 29% in Spain.

In Spain, according to association data ESTIF, the English market grew by 63 MWt in 2004, representing an increase of 29%, thanks to solar ordinances governing in almost 40 municipalities. The year ended with 80 MW c cumulative ESTIF predicts that 2005 may end up with 105 MWt (160,000 m2). Galicia tripled solar energy, but remains at the tail of Spain

In Germany, traditional leader of solar thermal in Europe (47% of the total installed), growth was lower than expected: 525 kWt added in 2004 This represents an increase of 4%. By contrast, the year was very good in Greece, with 151 MWt installed (34% increase) ahead of Austria and placed in second position. Austria joined 128 MWt and even Greece in terms of power solar thermal per capita: 179 kWt per 1,000 inhabitants in both countries.


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can ask questions about renewable energy at the Department of Energy of Caixa Galicia. Phone 981187074 or online www.caixagalicia.es / energy

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Bill Clinton supports solar energy solar thermal energy

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Bill Clinton, former U.S. president, on Thursday held the first meeting of the Global Initiative leading Your Name in New York with Bill Gates, Kofi Annan and others.


Question: Is there any contradiction between its objectives of economic growth and environmental protection?

Bill Clinton:
The answer that comes to mind is yes. But we must also say that it is possible to create wealth without destroying the environment. That's the big challenge. Worldwide, water reserves are diminishing, fertile soils erode and seed production shows a downward trend.

Therefore, one of the main purposes of my initiative is to find ways to turn environmental conservation in a way to achieve economic prosperity. Otherwise, the reaction of the people of China and India, for example, will be very negative. Perhaps they think that environmental conservation is a trap in the U.S. and Europe to prevent their countries' economic growth. For this reason, we encourage use of solar energy and wind energy, and help spread very productive farming techniques that help us conserve water and soil.

That way, people will understand that conservation is not going to become poor, but rich. Another beneficial consequence that raise the standard of living of the population is what the statistics: as countries get richer, reduces population growth.

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: ACS, Abengoa and Iberdrola will invest 300 million in this technology

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These large companies will invest 300 million euros over the next three years to build solar thermal power plants largest and most innovative in Europe.

In these projects, solar thermal energy will not be used to heat water for homes. The commitment of these companies like ACS, Abengoa and Iberdrola is to build power plants capable of using solar energy to produce steam that can drive turbines and generate electricity in significant quantities. Solar thermal power plants use the same principle of conventional thermal plants, only instead of using feedstock fuel, gas or coal, solar energy use, inexhaustible and clean. In the near future solar thermal energy can be stored and transported

The base is in the Plataforma Solar de Almeria, which has 25 years of experimentation. This major European laboratory has tested all systems and applications supposedly capable of using energy from the sun to get something profitable. Based

Almeria, are designed now larger projects. This has also contributed to the decision taken in March last year, to increase raw solar generation to 21 cents per kilowatt-hour produced. Economic signals, according to the IDEA, was welcomed by the companies concerned.

in Andalusia (Almeria, Granada and Seville) and Extremadura, companies with more foresight have started the construction of power stations, still modest (the largest is 50 megawatts of power, eight times smaller than conventional plants) to try to prove that the sun can produce electricity without pollution, at a reasonable cost and return expectations. Theoretically, this mini, 100% clean and inexhaustible, could satisfy the needs of 10,000 homes according to data from utilities.

Thermal power plants are no longer a dream, though still far from the threshold of maximum profitability. According to data from IDEA, each kilowatt of installed solar thermal energy flows through a peak, between 4,000 and 5,000 euros, four times the cost of a kilowatt of installed wind energy and only slightly cheaper than a kilowatt photovoltaic (solar panels).

most important projects carried out are:

- Andasol. With 240 million planned investment in the municipality of Aldeire (Granada), the project is Solar Millennium developed society (80% of the Cobra-ACS group and 20% of Germany's Solar Millennium AG). The project is on a plot equivalent to 200 football fields (200 hectares). The solar plant will have an output expected of 49.9 megawatts and be accompanied by a line of high voltage air evacuation.

The plant shall be of parabolic trough-called low concentration. The facility consists of a set of collectors that move with the sun and concentrate sunlight on a focal point where a fluid, which heats and powers a turbine that produces electricity. In the Mojave Desert (USA) operates a gigantic: 350 megawatts power.

- Abengoa Project. In Seville, leads the project developer Abengoa (IDEA holds a 18%), with an estimated investment of 30 million euros to build a small so-called central tower with a high concentration devices. It provides a power of 10 megawatts. The project consists of a field of heliostats (mirrors that track the sun), which reflect and concentrate the light into one point of a tower composed of metal or ceramic tube, inside which a heated fluid and transmits the heat to a circuit water evaporates and drives a turbine.

- Iberdrola DISS Project. With a planned investment up to 18 million euros, Iberdrola in Tabernas, Almería, a facility of direct steam generation of five megawatts. The peculiarity is that it uses no heat transfer fluid. Directly produces steam in the solar collectors. Iberdrola has eight solar thermal power plant projects, totaling 450 megawatts.

"These projects will contribute to Spain to meet its environmental commitments, but promises to help people become leaders and promoters of new energy technologies. These investments will generate new dynamism in energy applications, energy cost reduction, development technology and new markets. agree with other experts anticipate that we will move from a model energy importer to an exporter of energy economy and new technologies, "said Florentino Sanchez Moran, an energy analyst for Caixa Galicia.

Caixa Galicia Group offers: Free cost analysis and feasibility of renewable energy projects, including subsidized financing . You can query the phone 981187074 or the web www.caixagalicia.es / energy .


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Galicia tripled solar solar energy, but remains at the tail of Spain

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The dramatic increase solar energy in Galicia not get rid of the last places in the communities that use this alternative energy. The panel surface has tripled in the last three years and has grown from 3,600 square meters in 2002 to more than ten thousand who are estimated in 2004. For 2010 it is expected that there are at least fifty thousand square meters of thermal panels.

The increased usage during the past year was the highest in northern Spain on a gross basis under similar to Cantabria and Asturias and the Basque Country, according to the Institute of Galicia Enerxético, undeniable.

domestic consumption and reduced services to get more than half. But for now, use in buildings is counted on the fingers of one hand. The lack of developers and home buyers saving measures and efficiency of the solar alternative is one of the cases in which the undeniable underlying the poor implementation in buildings.

In total, there in the community an average of five hundred solar systems, of which approximately 80% are houses, especially houses.


Bylaws: Vigo was inspired by the Barcelona model, pioneered in Europe

In the reluctance expressed by some builders, there are those who argue that concellos no legal authority to make such documents. Something you do not agree Councilman Electromechanical Vigo, Henrique Vieira, who recalls that concellos more than 50,000 have skills in the environment.

To promote the use of this type of energy in buildings, selflessness has developed a model ordinance which is currently distributed in the Galician town.

ordinance to establish mechanisms to promote aid or a bonus, although the approach may vary depending on the needs of each concello. At the same time, advise the municipal technicians, both in the actions included in the ordinance, as in the inspection and monitoring of buildings.

La Coruña will host in November Livable Communities Awards - Nations in Bloom - TGC ENERGY

Caixa Galicia Group offers a team of professionals to discuss the possibilities of the hall and make the appropriate projects for each case.


necessary response to increasing consumption

In his speech, the director of unselfishness, Xoán Caamaño, stressed that the development of renewable energy is a 'response' necessary to the 'dramatic pace' at which consumption grows electricity, which in the past ten years was 53.5% in the whole of Spain and of 46.3 only in the autonomous community of Galicia, breaking growth rates has long been considered 'normal'.

explained Caamaño that this increase has placed galloping energy sector in a 'moment of uncertainty', as still today 80% of global energy consumption, not just power, it depends on fossil fuels, mainly oil and coal. At this juncture

imposing a boost to renewable energy, but advances in research have not yet been able to result in storage systems-by batteries, for example, power generated, so that the system collection must be limited, for now, to be 'live'. In the near future energy can be stored and transported

The EU directives are to boost renewable energy in homes and aspire to in 2010 involving 12.5% \u200b\u200bof electricity consumption. For Spain, the target is 17.5%. In regards to Galicia, the forecasts for that year are 59%, a very high ceiling, but not difficult to achieve, considering that today already exceeds 20% and that the use of solar energy temperature increases to a very high rate.

In any case, he added Caamaño that the development of renewable energies is a must, as a response to growing demand and the increasing importance that charge policies environmental conservation and the socio element, being a source of new jobs interesting, especially in rural areas

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Flux Bindings Any Good?

solar energy can be stored and transported in the form of chemical fuel

solar energy conversion scheme in chemical fuel

solar energy into chemical fuel can be stored for long periods and transported over long distances. This is the great achievement made by a group of scientists working on the project SOLZINC, according to the newsletter here Europe.




SOLZINC is partly financed with European funds within the V EU Framework Programme, and involves five partners: PROM-CNRS (France), ScanArc Plasma Systems AB (Sweden), ZOXY Energy Systems AG ( Germany), Paul Scherrer Institute and the Institute of Energy Technology, ETH (Switzerland), Weizmann Institute of Science (Israel).

Its main objective is to develop a solar chemical reactor technology for the production of zinc. The mineral thus obtained offers the possibility to store and transport solar energy. Is a compact solid fuel which has applications for fuel cells and zinc-air batteries. Zinc may also react with water to form high purity hydrogen. In any case, the chemical energy generating these processes is the zinc oxide which, in turn, reduces the solar energy to zinc.

The first tests of the pilot plant, located in the Weizmann Institute of Science Israel, used by 30% of available solar energy and produced 45 kilos of zinc an hour, exceeding targets. The investigations will continue this summer and is expected to industrial-size plants to be developed from this prototype to reach efficiency levels of between 50 and 60%.

The success of this solar chemistry pilot project opens the way towards an efficient thermo-chemical process that allows the storage of solar energy, transportation fuel as chemical and marketing.



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La Coruña will host in November 2005 Awards Livable Communities International Meeting Connclusiones

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International Awards Exhibition to green and sustainable cities in the world (The International Awards for Liveable Communities)

The city of La Coruña will host until 11 November at the municipal hall of the palace of the port of this international meeting. Be presented over forty cities on five continents (countries such as Tasmania, Australia, China, UK, USA, Canada, Poland, Russia, etc), La Coruña will become the world center of municipal best practices for a week period that will expose some of the examples of best practices worldwide in the fields of Planning, Planning, Environment and Citizenship.

Among the cities that are represented in La Coruña include big cities like Delhi (India), Prague (Czech Republic), Lodz (Poland), Oslo (Norway), Tshwane (formerly Pretoria, South Africa) and Zhangjiagang (China). It should be noted the support of large companies and institutions in the city event, which will be sponsored by Caixa Galicia, Fadesa, Began and Urbaser, also having Inditex companies and R as associates.



visits and time
Palexco
The tour will allow visitors to see different photographic and audiovisual material in different cities, with their characteristics and basic data of interest. The exhibition will remain open during office hours 10:00 to 14:00 and 4:00 to 20:00.), Which brings together more than fifty cities around the world to present and share their projects. Share

sustainable projects, share experiences and learn show is part of good governance, especially if we move forward. The possibility that events like this give us is very important for cities and municipalities in Galicia La Coruna, as they allow to publicize our activities in the areas of environment, participation etc., And also to learn from other communities on different continents , cultures and sizes all united in their efforts of government to be useful to their city.

Hisotoria Awards

Nations in Bloom began in 1997 with the approval of Program Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and supported by many governments and government agencies. Since 1997 more than 50 countries were represented at the International Nations in Bloom Awards. Since 2004 the festival has a new name - 'The International Awards for Liveable Communities' International Awards and Livable Communities. Creating livable communities has always been a goal of the event and also because it is in each city, the name change comes at the right time.

The final stages of Nations in Bloom was held in Madrid in 1997, in Al Ain (UAE) in 1998 in Hamamatsu (Japan) in 1999, in Washington DC in 2000, Shenzhen (China) in 2001 in Stuttgart ( Germany) in 2002 and Appeldoorn (NL) in 2003. The final phase, with the new name of International Awards Livable Communities, was held in Niagara (Canada) in 2004. The 2005 will be based in La Coruña. Career

La Coruna to a Sustainable City

La Coruna in 2001 in the city of Shenzhen (China) was awarded the special prize of Practice for the Environment and the city of Stuttgart won the 3 rd placed in the general category of cities between 200,000 and 1 million inhabitants. Not only is a collective satisfaction be well evaluated, but also participate in the event is an unforgettable experience and can return with new ideas and international contacts for the exchange of ideas and projects. It's something from La Coruña recommend to any city. Here we provide basic information on the organization of the event and how to participate.

challenges evident in the direction of the local environment are not limited to any particular community. All problems are common throughout the world and the challenges of managing cities do not respect borders. The only thing that changes is the degree of commitment. A national environment is nothing more than the sum of the local environments and each city has a duty to control their own environment for the enjoyment of this and future generations. Resources are plentiful and the expectations of citizens are growing, therefore it is imperative that best practices are shared across political and cultural borders.

Attend the final phase of Livable Communities Award is a unique opportunity to observe and learn these practices and establish professional relationships to share information, experiences and techniques to organize visits. These relationships have led to new initiatives in the community and more effective use of resources, especially of public money.


Awards for best cities by population:

Category A: up to 20,000 inhabitants
Category B: between 20,001 and 75,000 inhabitants
Category C: between 75,001 and 200,000 inhabitants
Category D: between 200,001 and 1,000 .000 inhabitants
Category E: more than one million


Evaluation criteria: The presentations are divided into five sections

i) Improvement Landscape
ii) Heritage Management
iii) environmental practices,
iv) Participation of the community and
v) Planning for the future.



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8 to July 10 was held in Granada El Encuentro Solar 2005. This meeting provided an opportunity to get close to the solar energy technology. The three days include lectures, exhibitions, workshops, an introduction to renewable energy and evening dinners and concerts. Conclusions

Encuentro Solar 2005:

Spain could happen in 30 or 40 years from being an importer of energy to be exporter if exploited the potential offered by renewable energy sources like solar or Wind, currently being wasted. This was stated yesterday by the expert Harry Lehmann German director of the Energy Efficiency Agency and, among other projects, has designed the stage for countries like Japan or Spain can operate entirely with renewable energy.

Lehmann, who participated in the IX Encuentro Solar from Friday hosts the Science Park of Granada, said it is possible to produce enough energy from renewable sources to feed an industrialized country like Spain, Japan or Germany, for what he said that, at least, it takes 50 years. "We need to do now or in several decades" because, he said, there are reasons to do weather and because oil, as well as finished other fossil fuels, has risen to 60 euros a barrel. He said that currently the technology already exists and all it takes is introduced into the system and mentalizing experts and architects to make homes energy efficient. "In Germany, which has less sunshine than Spain, it is now possible to build houses that are available in 80 or 90% renewable energy," said Lehmann.

He noted that Spain would "do more" because it has "great potential" and said it could become 30 to 40 years in an energy exporting country by taking advantage of what is in energy solar or wind energy, among others. Lehmann explained that what we want in Europe is that in 2010 12% of energy from renewables, percentage in 2020 is to increase to 20% and in 2030, to 40%. The expert described these objectives "conservative" because it would be easy in 2050 to 70% of the energy produced by the EU were renewed.


Program Summary:

Solar cooking in the world: cooperation in action. Presentations highlighted the engineers, inventors Dr. Dieter Seifert and Wolfgang Scheffler. Location

Solar Energy: Global Issues energy. Environmental and social, Emilio Menéndez, UAM and UPM. Global Solar Economy, Dr. Hermann Scheer, president of Eurosolar MEP. Renewable Energy Observatory. Balance, ideas, views, opinions. Participants: Lucia Dolera (ASIF), Rachel Stack (Greenpeace), Ernesto Macias (Isofoton), Josep Puig (Eurosolar). Moderator: Jordi Miralles (Fundación Tierra). Presentation: Manifesto for a new energy culture. Scenarios possible with renewable energy, Harry Lehmann

Innovacción solar technology economy: fovotovoltaicos flexible modules (Flexroll and Flexpack) with Swiss technology by Michael Gotz, VHF Technologics, new books published by Censolar, solar farms, tidal power, by Mario A. Garcia, thermal power plants: the electricity of the future, Alfonso Sevilla, director of Solar Millennium projects. Commercial hydraulic rams, by Peter Weinmann. Portable solar kits for Solar Workshop Berhamovic Edin.



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